Titostalgia mitja velikonja mitja isbn 961-6455-53-4 12,00 eur 12,00 9 789616 455534 TITOSTALGIJA – Študija nostalgije po Josipu Brozu A Study of Nostalgia for Josip Broz Josip for Nostalgia of Study A TITOSTALGIA – TITOSTALGIA 9 789616 455534 789616 9 12,00 eur isbn 961-6455-53-4 isbn mitja velikonja Titostalgija oovitek.inddvitek.indd 1 55.. 11.. 22009009 112:34:032:34:03 doslej izšlo v zbirki mediawatch marjeta doupona horvat, roman kuhar jef verschueren, igor þ. þagar Medijske podobe homoseksualnosti Retorika begunske politike v Sloveniji Media the in Violence sandra b. hrvatin, lenart j. kuèiæ, petrovec dragan breda luthar brankica petkoviæ Politika teletabloidov Medijsko lastništvo Up Her Making valerija vendramin, jerca legan, urša skumavc urša legan, jerca vendramin, valerija darren purcell jernej rovšek drglin, zalka vidmar, h. ksenija hrþenjak, majda Slovenska drþava na internetu Zasebno in javno v medijih Freedom of Non-accountability of Freedom tonèi a. kuzmaniæ mitja velikonja bervar gojko Bitja s pol strešice Evroza Serving the State or the Public the or State the Serving karmen erjavec, sandra b. hrvatin, brankica petkoviæ, sandra b. hrvatin, hrvatin b. sandra barbara kelbl lenart j. kuèiæ, iztok juranèiè, s 1990 Mi o Romih marko prpiè, roman kuhar the in Slovenia in Policy Media Mediji za drþavljane milosavljeviæ marko hrvatin, b. sandra matevþ krivic, simona zatler Svoboda tiska in pravice posameznika brankica petkoviæ, sandra b. hrvatin Left Imaginary the of Victory The In temu pravite medijski trg? kuèiæ j. lenart hrvatin, b. sandra breda luthar, tonèi a. kuzmaniæ, velikonja, mitja dragoš, sreèo sreèo dragoš, mitja velikonja, kuzmaniæ, a. tonèi luthar, breda sandra b. hrvatin, lenart j. kuèiæ Market? Media A This Call You Freedom of the Press and Personal Rights Personal and Press the of Freedom Mit o zmagi levice hrvatin b. sandra petkoviæ, brankica matevþ krivic, simona zatler simona krivic, matevþ sandra b. hrvatin, marko milosavljeviæ Citizens for Media We About the Roma the About We Medijska politika v Sloveniji v devetdesetih kuhar roman prpiè, marko barbara kelbl barbara lenart j. kuèiæ, iztok juranèiè, juranèiè, iztok kuèiæ, j. lenart karmen erjavec, sandra b. hrvatin, b. sandra erjavec, karmen sandra b. hrvatin hrvatin, b. sandra petkoviæ, brankica Drþavni ali javni servis Hate-Speech in Slovenia in Hate-Speech Eurosis tonèi a. kuzmaniæ a. tonèi gojko bervar velikonja mitja Svoboda neodgovornosti The Slovenian State on the Internet the on State Slovenian The The Private and the Public in the Media the in Public the and Private The darren purcell darren majda hrþenjak, ksenija h. vidmar, zalka drglin, rovšek jernej valerija vendramin, jerca legan, urša skumavc The Politics of Tele-tabloids of Politics The Njena (re)kreacija Ownership Media breda luthar breda brankica petkoviæ brankica dragan petrovec kuèiæ, j. lenart hrvatin, b. sandra Mediji in nasilje Slovenia in Policies Refugee of Rhetoric The Media Representations of Homosexuality of Representations Media jef verschueren, igor þ. þagar þ. igor verschueren, jef marjeta doupona horvat, doupona marjeta roman kuhar roman other titles in the mediawatch series mediawatch the in titles other oovitek.inddvitek.indd 2 55.. 11.. 22009009 112:34:102:34:10 doslej izšlo v zbirki mediawatch marjeta doupona horvat, roman kuhar jef verschueren, igor þ. þagar Medijske podobe homoseksualnosti Retorika begunske politike v Sloveniji Media the in Violence sandra b. hrvatin, lenart j. kuèiæ, petrovec dragan breda luthar brankica petkoviæ Politika teletabloidov Medijsko lastništvo Up Her Making valerija vendramin, jerca legan, urša skumavc urša legan, jerca vendramin, valerija darren purcell jernej rovšek drglin, zalka vidmar, h. ksenija hrþenjak, majda Slovenska drþava na internetu Zasebno in javno v medijih Freedom of Non-accountability of Freedom tonèi a. kuzmaniæ mitja velikonja bervar gojko Bitja s pol strešice Evroza Serving the State or the Public the or State the Serving karmen erjavec, sandra b. hrvatin, brankica petkoviæ, sandra b. hrvatin, hrvatin b. sandra barbara kelbl lenart j. kuèiæ, iztok juranèiè, s 1990 Mi o Romih marko prpiè, roman kuhar the in Slovenia in Policy Media Mediji za drþavljane milosavljeviæ marko hrvatin, b. sandra matevþ krivic, simona zatler Svoboda tiska in pravice posameznika brankica petkoviæ, sandra b. hrvatin Left Imaginary the of Victory The In temu pravite medijski trg? kuèiæ j. lenart hrvatin, b. sandra breda luthar, tonèi a. kuzmaniæ, velikonja, mitja dragoš, sreèo sreèo dragoš, mitja velikonja, kuzmaniæ, a. tonèi luthar, breda sandra b. hrvatin, lenart j. kuèiæ Market? Media A This Call You Freedom of the Press and Personal Rights Personal and Press the of Freedom Mit o zmagi levice hrvatin b. sandra petkoviæ, brankica matevþ krivic, simona zatler simona krivic, matevþ sandra b. hrvatin, marko milosavljeviæ Citizens for Media We About the Roma the About We Medijska politika v Sloveniji v devetdesetih kuhar roman prpiè, marko barbara kelbl barbara lenart j. kuèiæ, iztok juranèiè, juranèiè, iztok kuèiæ, j. lenart karmen erjavec, sandra b. hrvatin, b. sandra erjavec, karmen sandra b. hrvatin hrvatin, b. sandra petkoviæ, brankica Drþavni ali javni servis Hate-Speech in Slovenia in Hate-Speech Eurosis tonèi a. kuzmaniæ a. tonèi gojko bervar velikonja mitja Svoboda neodgovornosti The Slovenian State on the Internet the on State Slovenian The The Private and the Public in the Media the in Public the and Private The darren purcell darren majda hrþenjak, ksenija h. vidmar, zalka drglin, rovšek jernej valerija vendramin, jerca legan, urša skumavc The Politics of Tele-tabloids of Politics The Njena (re)kreacija Ownership Media breda luthar breda brankica petkoviæ brankica dragan petrovec kuèiæ, j. lenart hrvatin, b. sandra Mediji in nasilje Slovenia in Policies Refugee of Rhetoric The Media Representations of Homosexuality of Representations Media jef verschueren, igor þ. þagar þ. igor verschueren, jef marjeta doupona horvat, doupona marjeta roman kuhar roman other titles in the mediawatch series mediawatch the in titles other oovitek.inddvitek.indd 2 55.. 11.. 22009009 112:34:102:34:10 . aang.inddng.indd 1 55.. 11.. 22009009 115:45:595:45:59 peace institute metelkova 6 si-1000 ljubljana e: [email protected] <http://www.mirovni-institut.si> published by: peace institute edition: mediawatch <http://mediawatch.mirovni-institut.si> editor: brankica petkoviæ titostalgia – A Study of Nostalgia for Josip Broz author: mitja velikonja translation: olga vukoviæ design: robert þvokelj for dak cover page: skopje, 2008 typography: goudy & goudy sans, itc print: tiskarna hren print-run: 250 copies, first edition © 2008 mirovni inštitut The publishing of this book was made possible by the Open Society Institute and the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia. aang.inddng.indd 2 55.. 11.. 22009009 115:45:565:45:56 TITOSTALGIA – A Study of Nostalgia for Josip Broz mitja velikonja, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ljubljana e: [email protected] . aang.inddng.indd 3 55.. 11.. 22009009 115:45:565:45:56 CONTENTS acknowledgements a cup of coffee 9 i. introduction – Josip Broz dobar skroz 13 ii. the mapping of nostalgia and the research approach – Following Tito’s Path of Revolution 25 iii. the culture of titostalgia – Tito – A Living Legend 40 iv. titostalgic culture – Once there was a country!! 65 v. (counter)explanations – While the “locksmith” was president, all doors were open to us! 94 vi. conclusion – We are Tito’s, Tito is Ours (Mi smo Titovi, Tito je naš) 118 vii. bibliography – I’m watching you, majku vam boþiju 135 films and music albums 144 photo credits 145 . aang.inddng.indd 5 55.. 11.. 22009009 115:45:565:45:56 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The publication of this book was possible thanks to the unselfish effort and support from the Media Watch se- ries editor, Brankica Petkoviæ. I’m grateful to the transla- tor, Olga Vukoviæ, the Slovene language editor, Jaka Þuraj, and the designer Robert Þvokelj, for their professional ap- proach, accuracy and a good grasp of the topic. Nevena Škrbiæ Alempijeviæ, Tanja Petroviæ, Tanja Kovaèiè, Mirt Komel, Petar Stankoviæ and Mitja Durnik provided inval- uable observations, supplements and critical comments. Josefina Bajer, Nena Moènik, Tanja Radeþ, Paul Mojzes, Dejan Djokiæ, Sezgin Boynik, Damir Arsenijeviæ, Tatjana Greif, Aleš Èrniè, Nik Jeffs, Marjan Smrke, Rok Kovaè, Boštjan Šaver, Ines Kuburoviæ, Franc Trèek, Daniel Nova- koviæ, Martin Pogaèar, Renata Jambrešiæ Kirin, Mare Le- maiæ, Tanja Taštanoska and Ilija Tomaniæ TrivundþaI con- tributed a multitude of useful examples and hints, contacts, credible information and references. My thanks go to all of the above mentioned, this time in writing. I’m thankful to my supporters from Gorica – Silva, Marjan, Janez and Alen – and to Aleš Debeljak and Marjan Malešiè for their help when I needed it. And I’m indebted to countless other known and anonymous interviewees, informants and part- ners in conversation, for their sincere cooperation, infor- mation and materials. Finally, I’m most indebted to Elena Fajt, my ally, for her unconditional support, inspiration and encouragement whenever and wherever I needed it, and in the manner I wished for. aang.inddng.indd 7 55.. 11.. 22009009 115:45:565:45:56 Titostalgia – A Study of Nostalgia for Josip Broz A CUP OF COFFEE I’m having a cup of coffee in the café nearest to my place of work, aptly named Amerika. The coffee comes with a sug- ar pack featuring a well-known face. I glance through the other sugar packs crammed into the bowl on my table, and the same face stares out at me from every single pack. Now, if the name of the café was meant to have any significance, then the face should be that of, say, George W. Bush, or the likes of John Wayne, Michael Jordan, or at least Beyoncé. A face befitting an eu country would be a portrait of, say, one of the fathers of European integration1, Robert Schuman or Jean Monnet. In the finally independent Slovenia, one would expect to see one of the widely (self-)acclaimed fighters for independence, for example, Lojze Peterle, Janez Janša or Joþe Puènik.