HEEDING THE CALL: AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PHILANTHROPY IN ROCK By JI HOON LEE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Ji Hoon Lee 2 To everyone who nurtured my intellectual curiosity, academic interests, and sense of scholarship throughout my lifetime, making this dissertation possible 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my chair, Dr. William McKeen, and members of my supervisory committee for their mentoring and my family for their loving encouragement, which motivated me to complete my dissertation. They have guided me with motivation, encouragement, and words of wisdom. I am eternally grateful for their support and help throughout this journey. Thank you for everything. Sometimes, something happens to us, and the words “destiny” and “fate” seem to accurately describe the strange occurrence. For me, Live Aid—the cross-continental mega charity rock concert and one of the main subjects explored in my study—was one of those magic moments. I still vividly remember the day of the concert, July 13, 1985; it was an eye-opening revelation that ultimately led me to become a rock and roll enthusiast, and to say that the concert changed my life is still a vast understatement. I had heard the music of Duran Duran, Judas Priest, Black Sabbath, Madonna, and Bob Dylan, but I had never seen any of them perform. However, the concert was not just about the music but about saving people’s lives in Ethiopia, dying from hunger and famine. Even as a 10-year-old, I knew the purpose of the concert, and I remember praying for the welfare of the Ethiopians while watching the show. Live Aid was as much about feeling the magnitude of the issue as it was about watching those big- name stars perform. The experience still lives on today, and everything about the concert defines who and what I am today in one way or another. Believe it or not, I defended on the exact day of 25th anniversary of Live Aid, a fact that I was not aware of until the next morning. I got chills down my spine, the same feeling that I felt exactly 25 years ago while watching the show. I e-mailed my mentor and chair, William McKeen, and asked if it was “destiny” or “coincidence.” Of course, he said it was obviously “destiny.” What a story, what timing, and what a fitting end to my journey. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................8 Prologue....................................................................................................................................8 Background of the Study ........................................................................................................12 Purpose of the Study........................................................................................................12 Justification for the Study................................................................................................13 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................16 Disposition and Arrangement.................................................................................................19 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................20 Philanthropy and Altruism......................................................................................................20 Definitions of Altruism and Philanthropy .......................................................................20 Changes in Research Area...............................................................................................21 The Nature of Philanthropy.............................................................................................22 Charitable Fundraising............................................................................................................22 Motivations for Charitable Giving ..................................................................................23 Fundraising and Celebrities.............................................................................................24 Fundraising: A Global Media Trend ...............................................................................25 Philanthropy in Music.............................................................................................................26 Music’s Emotional Appeals ............................................................................................27 Rock Music’s Involvement in Philanthropy....................................................................28 Rock Music’s Role in Raising Awareness ......................................................................29 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS ...........................................................................................31 Methods ..................................................................................................................................31 Historical Analysis ..........................................................................................................31 Decade-by-Decade Breakdown .......................................................................................31 Historic and Critical Approaches in Pop Music..............................................................32 Materials and Sources.............................................................................................................33 4. FROM THE EARLY ROCK AND ROLL ERA THROUGH THE 1960S ...........................35 The 1950s in Retrospect .........................................................................................................36 The 1960s in Retrospect .........................................................................................................38 Notable Events of the 1960s...................................................................................................41 The Monterey International Pop Festival (1967) ............................................................41 The Woodstock Festival (1969) ......................................................................................42 5 Summary and Discussion .......................................................................................................45 5. THE 1970S: A TRUE BEGINNING......................................................................................47 The 1970s in Retrospect .........................................................................................................47 The Concert for Bangladesh by George Harrison and His Friends (1971) ............................49 Other Notable Events of the 1970s.........................................................................................54 Rock Against Racism (1976)...........................................................................................55 No Nukes Concerts (1979) ..............................................................................................56 The Music for UNICEF Concert (1979) .........................................................................57 Summary and Discussion .......................................................................................................58 6. THE 1980S: A DECADE OF PROSPERITY........................................................................62 The 1980s in Retrospect .........................................................................................................62 “Do They Know It’s Christmas?” by Band Aid (1984) .........................................................64 “We Are the World” by USA for Africa (1984).....................................................................67 Live Aid: The Day the Music Changed the World (1985) .....................................................73 Other Notable Events of the 1980s.........................................................................................78 Dionne Warwick and Friends (1985) ..............................................................................79 Artists United Against Apartheid (1985) ........................................................................80 Farm Aid (1985)..............................................................................................................81 Summary and Discussion .......................................................................................................83 7. THE 1990S AND BEYOND: A NEW ERA..........................................................................86 The 1990s and 2000s in Retrospect........................................................................................86 Notable Events of the 1990s...................................................................................................88 The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness (1992) ..............................89 Tibetan Freedom Concert (1996) ....................................................................................90 Notable Events of the 2000s...................................................................................................91