Munich Personal RePEc Archive Mapping the Development Progress in Tanzania since Independence Mwabukojo, Edson University of Bucharest 11 December 2019 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/97534/ MPRA Paper No. 97534, posted 20 Dec 2019 15:39 UTC Mapping the Development Progress in Tanzania since Independence By Mwabukojo Anyosisye EDSON i Abstract The Tanzanian development roadmap is categorized into four main phases; development attain during the Post-colonial period; socialism era development; development pace during the transition to liberalism era; and the currently development situation. Based on the data presented, it is now clear that development situation in Tanzania was promising during post-colonial capitalist period, declined during the Ujamaa socialism, worsen during the period of paradigm shift dilemma, but regained a tremendous improvement during contemporary liberalization era. Contemporary, Tanzania as the low-income countries is currently characterized by the number of development constraints including the high rate of poverty, low per capita income, inadequacy of human capital and poor standard of living. This study is concluding by stressing that Tanzania is still backward or undeveloped because the nation had been stacked in the development bottleneck for a quite long time from 1977 to 1995, almost two decades. Since the trend of human and economic development in Tanzania since independence has been successfully established, the policy makers as well as the development stakeholders can apply the findings as the basis to judge the past for the better future. ii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents......................................................................................................................................... iii 1.0 Background of the Problem ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 The Hypothesis ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Research Benchmarks ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.0 Theoretical Frameworks .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Definition of the term Development based on Political Perspective ....................................................... 5 2.2 Economic Development Definition ......................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Validity of per Capita Income as a Development Interpreter .................................................................. 7 2.4 Description of Human Development ....................................................................................................... 8 2.5 The General Overview of the Concept of Development ....................................................................... 10 3.0 Tracing the Pace of Human and Economic Development Progress in Tanzania since 1961 ................ 13 3.1 The Pace of Development Progress in Tanzania (1961-1966) .............................................................. 13 3.1.1 Education Targets and Achievements in Tanzania during 1961-1966 .............................. 13 3.1.2 Agriculture Development Situation in Tanzania during 1961-1966 ................................. 16 3.1.3 Economic Development Situation in Tanzania during 1961-1966 ................................... 17 3.2 Development Situation in Tanzania during Socialism Period (1967-1985) .......................................... 20 3.2.1 Agricultural Development Status during Post-Arusha Declaration Period ....................... 20 3.2.2 Education Development Situation in Post-Arusha Declaration Era .................................. 26 3.2.3 Economic Development Situation in Post-Arusha Declaration Period ............................. 29 3.2.3.1 Was the Self-reliance Policy Successfully? ................................................................ 29 3.2.3.2 The First Economic Crisis in Tanzania in (1978-1985) .............................................. 33 3.3 The Current Development Situation in Tanzania (2000-2016) ............................................................. 38 3.3.1 Contemporary Economic Development in Tanzania (2000-2016) .................................... 38 3.3.1.1 Comparison of Economic Development in three Phases of Paradigm Shift............... 44 3.3.2 The Current Agricultural Development Status in Tanzania (2000-2016) ......................... 49 3.3.2.1 Trend of Agricultural Development since Independence ........................................... 58 3.3.3 The Current Education Status in Tanzania ........................................................................ 61 3.3.3.1 The Trend of Education Progress in Tanzania since Ujamaa period .......................... 65 4.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 69 Appendix..................................................................................................................................................... 71 iii Appendix I: Trend of Enrolment into Primary and Secondary Education in Tanzanian Public Schools during (1961-1982) ................................................................................................................................... 71 Appendix II: Students Enrolment in Public Secondary Schools by 1976 and Projection (1961-1981) ...... 71 Appendix III: Trend of Development Assistance and Foreign Aid for Tanzania since Independence ....... 72 Appendix IV: Net Official Development Assistance for Tanzania ............................................................. 72 Appendix V: Trend of GDP Growth and Foreign Aid in Tanzania 1970-2008 .......................................... 73 Appendix VI: Trend of Average Annual Growth in GDP and Inflation 1960’s-1990 ................................ 73 Appendix VII: Students Enrolments trend in Tanzania during 1962-1967 .......................................... 74 Appendix VIII: Trend of Africanization of Civil Service in Tanzania during 1962-1967 ..................... 74 iv v 1.0 Background of the Problem Independence and improving the human and economic development used to be among the dominating agenda for most of freedom fighters during liberation movements. African peoples were influenced by the freedom politicians to believe that all aspects of development would improve immediately after independence. For instance, Nyerere was cited arguing this when he was stressing for independence before 1961; “in forty years to come after independence Tanzania will be able to change into a well-developed nation”1. Therefore, Tanzania was one of the African nations which held huge hopes that development situation will get better immediately after independence. However, a huge expectation from the peoples was later turned into huge challenge to African governments including Tanzania because; instead of blaming colonial rule, the Tanzania government was accountable to fulfil all the expectations of independence. Although Tanzania is contemporary one of the countries which are recently experiencing tremendous development progress, until currently, nearly six decades since independence, Tanzania is still an underdeveloped country characterized by poverty, low per capita and human capital deficit. As it is in many Sub Sahara African countries, Tanzania is one of the low-income countries whereby around 26% of their population living under extreme poverty2. The United Republic of Tanzania is one of the many the Sub-Sahara African countries3 which got their independence in early 1960’s4. One of the main challenges faced Tanzania during early days of its independence was an extreme poverty and poor human capital. The GDP per capita in (1960-1962) was Tsh 3925 (British Pound 19.6 or USD 47)6 and only 1 out of 12 people had more than the 1 Tanzania Broadcast Corporation Achieve, Nyerere’s speech when addressing the public in early 1960’s. 2 Tanzania Government, (2019), Budget Speech by Philip Mpango Minister for Finance and Planning when addressing the Tanzanian Parliament in June 2019. 3 Michael. W, (10/10/2005),1960: independence takes root across Africa: in one momentous year, 17 nations were freed from European colonial rule, in the New York Times, Vol. No.183 Issue 3, New York, USA. pp.28 4 National Bureau of Statistics, (2013), Tanzania in figures 2012/13, Ministry of Finance, Government of The United Republic of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam. Pp.1 5 Tanzania Government, (1967), A Mid-term Appraisal of the Achievements under the Five-year Plan (1964-1969), Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Planning, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. table.1. 6 Tanganyika Government, (1964), Tanganyika Five Year Plan for Economic and Social Development (1964-1969), Vol.1, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika. Pp. (i-viii); table. 1. 1 primary education qualification7. According to Nyerere,