ISSN 0024-9521 IJG Vol. 45, No.1, June 2013 (38 - 47) © 2013 Faculty of Geography UGM and The Indonesian Geographers Association THE ROLE OF URBAN AREA AS THE DETERMINANT FACTOR OF POPULATION GROWTH Sri Rum Giyarsih [email protected] Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University Muhammad Arif Fahrudin Alfana [email protected] Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University ABSTRACT This research aims to (1) find the determinants for the increase of population growth rate and (2) understand the role of urban area as the pulling factor for the migrant. This research held in Yogyakarta Special Region since the population growth has increasing during 2000-2010. Secondary data from the Bureau of Statistic (BPS) were used for the main analysis. Data processing and analysis were performed by using descriptive-quantitative method.The result of this research indicates that population growth rate in Yogyakarta Special Region is affected by the increase of immigration from the other provinces. This migration is referred to the recent migration, in which people entering this province as motivated by educational, family, sense of security, tourism, and job seeking background. This research also reveals that Yogyakarta City and Sleman Regency becomes the center for pulling the migrant. This is especially due to its function as the base for economy, educational city, area with stable security, and low cost of living. Keywords: population growth, urban area, determinant factor ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menemukan faktor penentu bagi peningkatan laju pertumbuhan penduduk dan (2) memahami peran daerah perkotaan sebagai faktor menarik untuk migran. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dengan pertimbangan semakin meningkatnya pertumbuhan penduduk selama 2000-2010. Data sekunder dari Biro Statistik (BPS) digunakan sebagai dasar analisis utama. Pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan deskriptif-kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan penduduk di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan migrasi masuk dari provinsi lain. Migrasi yang dimaksud adalah migrasi risen yang masuk menuju provinsi ini yang dilatarbelakangi oleh motif pendidikan, ikut suami/istri, rasa aman, wisata, dan mencari pekerjaan. Penelitian ini juga mengungkapkan bahwa Kota Yogyakarta dan Kabupaten Sleman menjadi pusat penarik migran. Hal ini dikarenakan fungsi keduanya sebagai basis perekonomian, kota pendidikan, daerah dengan keamanan yang stabil, dan biaya hidup yang terjangkau. Kata kunci: pertumbuhan penduduk, daerah perkotaan, faktor penentu Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol 45, No.1, June 2013 : 38 - 47 INTRODUCTION Compared to the other provinces in Indonesia, population growth in In the scope of national development, Yogyakarta Special Region generally has population growth plays an aimprotant role low rates. Since 1971-1980, the growth in the producing social, economic, and rate was 1.1% and became one of the population related problems. Low lowest rates in the national level. The population growth therefore becomes population growth also became lower in expected target that must be fullfiled by 1980-1990 with the rate of 0.57%. every nation. It can be postulated when the Meanwhile, the population growth rate was population quantity can be controlled, the increasing in 1990-2000, was higher quality can be improved. High population compared to several other provinces, such growth at present becomes source of as Moluccas, Jakarta, and West Sumatra various population problems, such as (Bureau of Statistics-BPS 2010). hunger, unemployment, conflict, etc. In this case, population control is required to The result of Indonesian population cencus prevent the increase of population growth in 2010 has revealed the increasing growth as well as to achieve zero population of 1.04% (Figure 1). Although the growth. Therefore, by zero population population growth rate is still considered growth, ideal condition which population as low in the national level, the increase considered stable, without increasing or from the previous decade becomes decreasing, can be achieved. interesting phenomena for further analyzed. The fertility, mortality, and Generally spoken, population structure is migration therefore become determinant in influenced by the growth of population. this phenomena, as the main source of the The population growth and structure in changes of the population structure. developing countries, including Indonesia, changed drastically due to the utilization of This research is aimed to find the advanced medical-pharmacheutical determinant factors for the increase of technology, including the findings of population growth and to understand the antibiotics. This condition has revealed to role of urban area as the pulling factor for reduce the number of death/mortality the migrant in Yogyakarta Special Region. drastically. In the other hand, the decrease Theoritical and practical-empirical of natality becomes lower than mortality. advantages from this research are also The decrease of natality is highly expected from this research. From the influenced by socio-cultural conditions, for theoritical benefit, this research is expected example by using contraception. to bring enrichment to the previous Advancement in transportation and research in urban geography studies, communication also give influence to the especially related to role of urban area as movement of the population, incuding determinant of the increase of population permanent migration and recent migration growth rate. From the practical-empirical (i.e. circulation migration and commuting) benefit, this research provides fundamental In addition to mortality and natality, the aspect in building up theoretical influence of migration also becomes factor framework and construction of regulation that cannot be simply neglected [Rogerson related to the spatial development, 1994, in Tukiran 2010). especially in the topics of urban area and its population. 39 THE ROLE OF URBAN Sri Rum Giyarsih, Muhammad Arif Fahrudin Alfana Figure 1. Population growth rate in Indonesian Provinces. Source: BPS 2010 Population growth, as the changes of the Natality, as the source of incrasing increasing or decreasing number of population, is affected by its resistance population, is affected by various factors. factor (anti-natality) and support factor War, diseases, hunger, and natural disaster (pro-natality). Pro-natality, as the support are well known to be the source of factor, is therefore causing higher decrease of the population. In contrast, population. Factors contributing to pro- increasing of the population is mainly natality are including young-age marriage, affected by stable political-economical the thinking way in which the child can condition, increase of human health, and provide family worker and also give increasing food security. fortune to the family, and the pride for having the male child, in which the parent Several source have been identified to play is countinously getting born until they got a role in population growth, which male child. including natality, mortality, and migration. Natality and mortality are Factors contributing to anti-natality are categorized as the natural factors to the including the existence of family planning population growth. In contrast, migration, to limit the number of children, exsistence which can be in-migration and out- of regulation about minimum age for the migration, comes from the non-natural marriage (i.e 16 for female and 19 for factor. In the dynamic process of male), way of thinking in which more population growth, the increasing children can bring economic disadvantages population is mainly caused by natality and to the family, limitation of the subsidy in-migration. Meanwhile decreasing from the government to the second child, population is mainly caused by mortality and also due to higher education and job and out migration [Mantra, 2003] . opportunity. 40 Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol 45, No.1, June 2013 : 38 - 47 In addition to natality, population dynamic population growth that supported by is also influenced by mortality. Mortality, decrease of the mortality and also the bias as permanent loss of human life signs, will government regulation in urban area. reduce the number of population. Mortality Higher migration towards the urban area is influenced by the pro-mortality factors generates imbalance on the population and anti-mortality factors. Pro-mortality distribution, which therefore triggers factors are including: 1) inadequate health concentration of urban population. Higher facilities, 2) low awareness of the density of urban population is caused by community realted to health, 3) natural pulling factors, in which rural population disasters, 4) war, 5) traffic and industrial are doing migration to the urban area. accident, 6) assasiantion and suice. This condition tends to increase the mortality, Push factors in the rural area also become while anti-mortality tends to reduce the the source for migration. Those factors are mortality. These factors are including: 1) including: (1) the decrease of natural healthly environment, 2) adequate health resources (i.e. the decrease of environment facilities, 3) religion, which forbid suicide carrying capacity and the decrease of and murder, 4) high level of public health, demands for certain goods, in which the and 5) high level of education. raw materials, such as mining materials, lumbers, or materials