University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2002 In their footsteps: Women faculty of Wartburg College 1914–1945 Susan Kosche Vallem University of Northern Iowa Copyright ©2002 Susan Kosche Vallem Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the Women's History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation Vallem, Susan Kosche, "In their footsteps: Women faculty of Wartburg College 1914–1945" (2002). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 712. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/712 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9’ black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. IN THEIR FOOTSTEPS: WOMEN FACULTY OF WARTBURG COLLEGE 1914-1945 A Dissertation Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Approved: Dr. Greg Steftmich, Chair Dr. Rick Traw >. a>- * » Dr. Sharon Smal^ino Dr. Victoria Robinson <~cJ' f Dr. Joseph Smaldino Susan Kosche Vallem University of Northern Iowa May 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 3047394 Copyright 2002 by Vallem, Susan Kosche All rights reserved. UMI__ ® UMI Microform 3047394 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by SUSAN KOSCHE VALLEM May 2002 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. IN THEIR FOOTSTEPS: WOMEN FACULTY OF WARTBURG COLLEGE 1914-1945 An Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Approved: fa'n’ of the Graduate College . John W. Somervill Susan Kosche Vallem University of Northern Iowa May 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the hiring and inclusion of women faculty members in private higher education, using Wartburg College as a case study. This study identified and described the educational polices and procedures at Wartburg from 1914 to 1945 related to the hiring of women faculty at Wartburg College. While the history of women in higher education is well- chronicled, much less is written on the impetus and motivation for hiring women faculty and their impact on the institutions themselves. This dissertation adds to that specific body of knowledge. Three research questions were investigated in this study: 1. What were the factors that led Wartburg's administration to hire the first women faculty members? 2. What were the roles of women faculty at Wartburg? 3. How did the presence of women faculty impact Wartburg? Data were gathered through historical documents, literature searches, and 22 personal interviews. The principle findings of this study were: (a)Wartburg's development mirrored women's increased participation in higher education in the United States, (b) women faculty provided a valuable economic resource in Wartburg's frequent financial crises, (c)women faculty expanded the curriculum to add support to the College's Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. decision to become a four-year liberal arts college, and (d)women faculty enhanced the quality of campus life for students tempering the intellectual climate with the personal and emotional. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 Statement of the Problem.......................... 1 Research Questions................................ 2 Purpose of the Study.............................. 2 Importance of the S t u d y .......................... 2 Scope of the Study................................ 3 Primary Sources ................................ 4 Secondary Sources .............................. 5 Definition of Terms Used.......................... 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................ 8 The General Literature............................ 9 The Education of Women............................ 13 Private Women's Colleges.......................... 2 0 Coordinate Colleges ............................ 24 Coeducation.................................... 27 The Rise of Secondary Education ............... 30 The Normal School .............................. 32 Social Implications for Women's Education .... 37 Progressive E r a ................................... 3 7 World War I .................................... 40 Channeled Fields in Women's Education ............ 43 Home Economics.................................. 44 Teacher Education.............................. 46 Commercial Education............................ 47 Women's Athletics.............................. 50 Summary of Literature on Women's Education. 53 Lutheran Education................................ 54 Lutheran Understanding of Education ............ 54 Lutheran Immigration............................ 56 Women in Lutheran Education ................... 62 3 . METHODOLOGY ...................................... 66 Research Design .................................. 66 Data Sources...................................... 68 Primary Sources ................................ 68 Secondary Sources .............................. 72 Treatment of the Primary Documents............... 73 Interview Procedures.............................. 74 Data Analysis .................................... 76 Limitations ...................................... 76 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii Chapter Page 4. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS............................ 78 Wartburg Academy, Normal School, and College. 78 Early Wartburg Years: A College on the Move . 82 Development of One Coeducational Wartburg College 8 9 Wartburg Consideration of Female Students and Faculty .................................... 95 5. FINDINGS.......................................... 102 Enrollment Increased.............................. 102 Channeled Fields of Study ....................... 106 Wartburg Normal School............................ 121 Women Faculty at the Normal School............ 126 Home Economics Faculty.......................... 129 Women Athletic Coaches......................... 131 Impact of Women Faculty on Campus Life.......... 133 Women Faculty as an Economic Resource .......... 137 Women Faculty at Wartburg College ............... 147 Women Faculty Influenced the Direction of the C o l l e g e .......................................... 162 Women Faculty Saved the College During World War II...................................... 166 6. DISCUSSION........................................ 168 REFERENCES............................................. 176 APPENDIX A: History of Wartburg College............ 185 APPENDIX B: Women Faculty of Wartburg College. 189 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Wage Data for Women's Occupations, Late 1800s . 50 2. Wartburg Academy Enrollment by Gender, 1912-1931........................................ 103 3. Gender, Rank, and Salary.......................... 162 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.