<p> Wk 3-Integumentary System </p><p>1. General structure. 2. Structure: cells of the epidermis 3. Structure: layers of the epidermis 4. Func�on 5. Sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands 6. Hair 7. Common Bacterial Condi�ons—Folliculi�s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe�go 8. Common Bacterial Condi�ons— Celluli�s, Erysipelas 9. Common Viral Condi�ons—Warts 10. Common Superficial Fungal Condi�ons—Tinea 11. Common Superficial Fungal Condi�ons—Candidiasis 12. Summary. </p><p>Presented by Karoline Y. Ren </p><p>1 1. General structure </p><p>The 3 layers of the skin are: the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous fat layer (hypodermis). </p><p>The purpose of the skin is to protect the body from damaging external agents, extremes of temperatures and viral and bacterial agents </p><p>This most extensive organ system has the skin and accessory structures. The accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands, and specialized nerve receptors for s�muli (changes in internal or external environment) such as touch, cold, heat, pain, and pressure. 2 3 Summary </p><p>The purpose of the skin = to protect the body from damaging external agents, extremes of temperatures and viral and bacterial agents </p><p>The 3 layers of the skin are: the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous fat layer (hypodermis). </p><p>The nerve receptors in skin enable the feeling of temperature, touch and pain </p><p>It take 4 weeks for cells in the bo�om layer of the epidermis to reach the skin surface </p><p>Melanocytes produce Melanin </p><p>The 2 types of sweat glands in the skin are the eccrine and apocrine </p><p>Impe�go is a bacterial infec�on in the skin, it is high contagious and appears as red blisters. </p><p>4 2. Structure: cells of the epidermis The epidermis has several strata/layers that contain four cell types. 1. Kera�nocytes makes kera�n. Kera�n is a protein that gives skin its flexibility and strength. It waterproofs the skin’s surface. 2. Melanocytes makes melanin. Melanin is the dark pigment that gives skin its colour. 3. Merkel's cells are thought to help with touch recep�on. 4. Langerhans' cells help the immune system by processing an�gens, which is also known as foreign bodies. </p><p>The nerve receptors in skin enable the feeling of temperature, touch and pain </p><p>5 3. Structure: layers of the epidermis The skin is the largest organ of the body. </p><p>Its 2 main layers are the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer). </p><p>The epidermis has several strata/layers that contain four cell types. They are: 1. 2. 3. 4. </p><p>6 1. Structure: layers of the epidermis </p><p>7 3. Structure: layers of the epidermis • Millions of these dead cells are worn off daily, crea�ng a new epidermis every 35 to 45 days. It take 4 weeks for cells in the bo�om layer of the epidermis to reach the skin surface </p><p>8 4. Func�on of the skin: Apart from protec�on as previously men�oned… </p><p>• Sensory input — the skin has millions of nerve endings, which allow us to respond to the sensa�ons of pain, heat and cold. </p><p>• Temperature regula�on — the skin has an lots of blood supply. This is mainly for temperature regula�on. For example, when we become hot, the blood supply rushes to the skin surface and heat is lost through radia�on. The skin also regulates temperature by perspira�on: when we perspire heat is lost through evapora�on. </p><p>• Excre�on of water and waste products. </p><p>• Making of vitamin D. </p><p>9 5. Sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands </p><p>The 2 types of sweat glands in the skin are the eccrine and apocrine </p><p>The skin produces structures such as sudoriferous (sweat) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands. It also produces hair, fingernails and sensory receptors that help <a href="/tags/Human/" rel="tag">humans</a> to feel pain, pressure and temperature. </p><p>Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) can be categorised into 2 types: 1. eccrine glands=coiled ducts deep in the skin that connect to the surface 2. apocrine glands are in armpits, areolae of nipples, and the genital region. </p><p>1. Eccrine glands secrete sweat, a mixture of 1% salts and fats and 99% water. In warm temperatures with low humidity, swea�ng/ perspira�on cool the body down. </p><p>10 5. Sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands 2. Apocrine glands become ac�ve at <a href="/tags/Puberty/" rel="tag">puberty</a>,. They are larger, deeper, and produce thicker secre�ons than eccrine glands. </p><p>The apocrine glands secre�ons contain <a href="/tags/Pheromone/" rel="tag">pheromones</a>. Pheromones are substances that enable olfactory (smell) communica�on with the species. This communica�on provokes certain behavioral responses such as sexual arousal. Whereas eccrine glands respond to heat, apocrine glands respond to stress and sexual ac�vity by secre�ng sweat with a characteris�c <a href="/tags/Odor/" rel="tag">odor</a>. This odor differs from body odor that results from <a href="/tags/Bacteria/" rel="tag">bacteria</a> decomposing skin secre�ons on the skin. </p><p>Note: • Cerumen (<a href="/tags/Earwax/" rel="tag">earwax</a>)= modified apocrine glands. </p><p>• Mammary glands in female =modified apocrine glands. These glands are secrete milk rather than sweat. </p><p>11 5. Sebaceous (oil) glands </p><p>• Sebaceous glands (oil glands) are all over the body except on the palms of hands and soles of feet! • The glands secretes/empty via ducts into the bases of hair follicles and secrete sebum (a mixture of fats, waxes, and hydrocarbons). </p><p>12 5. Sebaceous (oil) glands </p><p>• Sebum moistens hair and prevents skin from drying. It is mostly located at the face and scalp. • During puberty, increased levels of <a href="/tags/Sex/" rel="tag">sex</a> hormone in the blood may make too much sebum. This extra smount of sebum may plugs the gland and hair follicle, producing <a href="/tags/Acne/" rel="tag">acne</a>. </p><p>13 6. Hair </p><p>• Arrector pili muscles= smooth muscle cells a�ached to hair follicles. When they contract, they pull the hair into an upright posi�on, causing skin dimples (goose bumps). The nervous system controls these muscles. These muscles contract when fright and or cold temperature happens. </p><p>14 7. Bacterial Condi�ons—Folliculi�s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe�go 1. Folliculi�s=bacterial infec�on of hair follicles Common cause: Staphylococcus aureus but occasionally Pseudomonas aeruginosa (hot tub folliculi�s) or other organisms. Hot tub folliculi�s happen due to not enough treatment of water with chlorine or bromine. Symptoms: mild pain, pruritus (itchy skin) & irrita�on. Signs: superficial pustule /inflammatory nodule around a hair follicle. Infected hairs comes off skin easily, but new papules tend to develop. </p><p>Folliculi�s manifests as superficial pustules or inflammatory nodules surrounding hair follicles: </p><p>15 7.Bacterial Condi�ons—Folliculi�s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe�go </p><p>2. Furuncles: Furuncles, also known as boils=skin abscesses caused by staphylococcal infec�on, which involve a hair follicle and surrounding �ssue. Treatment is warm compresses and o�en oral an�-staphylococcal an�bio�cs. </p><p>Furuncle: </p><p>16 7.Bacterial Condi�ons—Folliculi�s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe�go 2. Carbuncles are clusters/groups of furuncles connected subcutaneously (deeper into the skin), causing deeper pus forma�on and scarring. </p><p>17 7.Bacterial Condi�ons—Folliculi�s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe�go 3.Impe�go= a bacterial infec�on in the skin, it is highly contagious!! It appears as red blisters. Cause: streptococci, staphylococci, or both. Ecthyma= an ulcera�ve form of impe�go. Both give mild pain/discomfort. Pruritus /itchiness is common. Scratching may spread infec�on, inocula�ng (spread) to nearby and or non-nearby skin!! Impe�go (non-bullous): Impe�go (bullous): </p><p>18 8. Common Bacterial Condi�ons— Celluli�s, Erysipelas </p><p>1. Celluli�s=acute bacterial infec�on of the skin and subcutaneous �ssue Cause: streptococci or staphylococci. Symptoms & signs: pain, rapidly spreading redness/erythema, & edema. Fever may occur, and regional lymph nodes may enlarge!! Prognosis: excellent with �mely treatment. </p><p>19 8. Common Bacterial Condi�ons— Celluli�s, Erysipelas • Celluli�s con�nues… </p><p>Differentiating Cellulitis and Deep Venous Thrombosis Feature� Cellulitis� Deep Venous Thrombosis� Skin temperature Hot Normal or cool </p><p>Skin color Red Normal or cyanotic </p><p>Skin surface Peau d'orange Smooth Lymphangitis and Frequent Nonexistent regional lymphadenopathy </p><p>20 8. Common Bacterial Condi�ons— Celluli�s, Erysipelas </p><p>• 2. Erysipelas=a type of superficial celluli�s , with dermal lympha�c involvement. Caused: β-hemoly�c streptococci Loca�on: o�en on the legs and face. Signs: Raised, shiny, hardened, and tender plaque-like dis�nct margined lesions. </p><p>21 9. Common Viral Condi�ons—Warts • Warts= common, benign, epidermal lesions. Cause: <a href="/tags/Human/" rel="tag">human</a> papillomavirus infec�on. They can appear anywhere on the body in a variety of shapes & sizes. Warts are usually self limited. It may be treated by destruc�ve methods (eg, excision and liquid nitrogen) and topical or injected substances. </p><p>22 9. Common Viral Condi�ons—Warts </p><p>23 10. Common Superficial Fungal Condi�ons—Tinea • Tinea/ringworm (please note ringworm is just a name, no worm is involved in this fungal disease)= a contagious fungal skin infec�on. Commonly affected areas: • feet (athlete's foot) • groin (jock itch) • scalp & beneath the breasts. • Nail/ �nea unguium. Tinea can be spread indirectly or skin-to-skin contact. Treatment includes an�fungal medica�on and good <a href="/tags/Hygiene/" rel="tag">hygiene</a>. Signs and symp�ons: • Red scaly rash that is shaped like a ring • Itching and s�nging • Yellow or white discolora�on of the nails • Cracking, spli�ng and peeling in the toe web spaces • Blisters • Bald spots on the scalp. </p><p>24 10. Common Superficial Fungal Condi�ons—Tinea </p><p>25 11. Common Superficial Fungal Condi�ons—Candidiasis </p><p>Candidiasis (candidosis/moniliasis/yeast infec�on)=infec�on caused by several species of Candida, typically by Candida albicans. </p><p>Most common type of candidias= a superficial infec�on of the mouth, vagina, or skin àred or white patches and itching, irrita�on, or both. </p><p>People whose immune system is weakened may have serious infec�ons of the esohagus and other internal organs! Patches in the esophagus cause pain during swallowing! </p><p>26 11. Common Superficial Fungal Condi�ons—Candidiasis </p><p>Infec�on of the mouth ( also known as thrush or trench mouth) can have the following signs & symptoms: • Creamy, white, painful patches inside the mouth • Cheili�s=Cracking at the corners of the mouth • A red, painful, smooth tongue Some types of diaper rash are caused by Candida. </p><p>27 Common Superficial Fungal Condi�ons —Candidiasis </p><p>• Chronic hyperplas�c candidiasis. </p><p>28 Some extra resources.. </p><p>• h�p://www.cancercouncil.com.au/wp- content/uploads/2012/07/Massage-and- Cancer.pdf • h�p://www.abmp.com/massagemarketplace/ downloads/TenForToday_ND10.pdf </p><p>29 </p>