Cathedrals and the Church of England, c.1660-1714 Alice Jeanne Soulieux-Evans Wolfson College March 2019 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. This dissertation is 76,245 words long, excluding footnotes and bibliography. It does not, therefore, exceed the prescribed word limit, of 80,000 words, for the Degree Committee of the Faculty of History. ………………………….….………………… Mrs Alice Soulieux-Evans Tuesday 19th March, 2019 i ii CATHEDRALS AND THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, C.1660-1714 ALICE SOULIEUX-EVANS Early modern cathedrals have often found themselves falling between the historiographical cracks. While antiquarians and art historians have seen their early modern pasts as nothing more than periods of ‘desecration and pillage’, early modern historians have dismissed cathedrals as medieval ‘fossils’, irrelevant and impermeable to the religious upheavals of the English Reformation. Recent scholarship, however, has sought to address this view of cathedrals by reconsidering them within their religious, social, political and cultural contexts, thereby re-assessing the Reformation’s impact on cathedrals. Such work, however, has been mainly confined to the period before 1660, and has indeed seen the Restoration as a turning point, after which cathedrals’ once contested and controversial place within the Church and society was secured, as ‘Anglicanism’ flourished after the turmoil of Civil War. Focussing on the period between the Restoration in 1660 and the death of Queen Anne in 1714, this thesis seeks to reassess this understanding of cathedrals’ later Stuart history as one of peaceful monotony, by considering how cathedrals fitted into debates about religious settlement, moral reformation, and the nature of the Church of England. While an understanding of cathedrals as centres of ceremonial worship arose with the Laudian ascendency in the 1630s, it is assumed this became the sole model for cathedrals after the Restoration. Although Restoration ‘high’ churchmen did indeed reassert this Laudian ideal, this did not go unchallenged. Earlier, competing visions of cathedrals survived into the Restoration period, notably as locales for evangelical reform. This study will suggest that the continued controversy surrounding their place and role within the Church of England raises doubts about the coherence and certainty of an ‘Anglican’ identity before the Act of Toleration. The significance of cathedrals evolved after 1689 in ways that also complicate our understanding of ‘Anglicanism’ in the long eighteenth century. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Alexandra Walsham, for all her support, advice and for the many stimulating discussions which have arisen from our supervisions, and for creating such a close-knit community for her many students. I would like to thank the early modern community here in Cambridge, in particular Dr Gabriel Glickman for his enthusiasm and encouragement, and to Dr Harriet Lyon and Carys Brown for their friendship and many fascinating chats. I would like to thank Wolfson College, Cambridge, for offering me a studentship from His Excellency Mahfouz bin Mahfouz’s Scholarship Fund, and for grants for archive trips. It has been a real joy to be a part of Wolfson and its community over the past four years. I would also like to thank the History Faculty for offering me an Archbishop Cranmer Scholarship, numerous archive grants, and a Lightfoot Scholarship. I am hugely grateful for all the support I have received over these past few years. I would like to thank my Church family at Christ Church, Cambridge, for all the ways in which they have helped grow me over the past few years, challenging and encouraging me, and for their friendship. In particular, I would like to thank Dave and Heather Chambers, Luke and Lottie Driver, Vern and Jane Farewell, Oscar Holgate, Tim and Jane Holland, the Leadership course, Mark and Tarita Smallwood, Hannah and Phil Staudacher, Jon and Ruth Tuckwell. And especially Steve Tong, both a brother in Christ and a fellow Walshamite, for his godly example and encouragement over the years of this PhD. I would also like to thank Dr Liz Pratt and Dr Naomi Billingsley for their friendship since our undergraduate days together; Prof. Jeremy Begbie for his humour and friendship. I would like to thank my family, for their love and support. Particularly my parents, Anne and Roger, for providing for me so wonderfully over the years. I would particularly like to express my gratitude for my grandfather, Dr Hubert John Davies, who passed away (aged 99 ½) a few weeks before this thesis was submitted. He will be sorely missed. Bob, I could never have done this without you. I couldn’t have asked for a godlier, kinder, more patient partner in the Gospel and in married life. Thank you for always looking to my eternal good. This thesis is for you, as an expression of my love and gratitude. Finally, this thesis would not have been possible without my Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ, helping and willing it. This PhD has been a lesson in His mercy and faithfulness – may I always praise His name. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A&EH Anglican and Episcopal History BL British Library, London Bodl. Bodleian Library, Oxford CJ Journals of the House of Commons [1547-] (London, 1802-) CUL Cambridge University Library DCA Durham Cathedral Archive DCL Durham Cathedral Library DUL Durham University Library DWL Dr Williams’s Library, London EHR English Historical Review HJ Historical Journal HLQ Huntington Library Quarterly JBS Journal of British Studies JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History LJ Journals of the House of Lords [1509-] (London, 1767-) LPL Lambeth Palace Library, London ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (http://www.oxforddnb.com) OED Oxford English Dictionary (http://oed.com) P&P Past and Present SCA Salisbury Cathedral Archives SCJ Sixteenth Century Journal SCH Studies in Church History TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society v LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Grounds (1823), Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Plate 2. Wenceslaus Hollar, St Paul’s Cathedral: The East End (c. 1658), Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Toronto. Plate 3. Thomas Johnson, Canterbury Cathedral Choir (1657), Private collection. Plate 4. Anon., St Paul’s Cathedral (c.1700-1750), St Paul’s Cathedral, London. vi A NOTE ON DATING Until 1752 England and Scotland (and from 1707 onwards Britain) used the Julian (Old Style) Calendar, which in the seventeenth century ran ten days and in the eighteenth century eleven days behind the Gregorian (New Style) Calendar in use on the Continent. In England the year was taken to begin not on 1 January, but rather on 25 March (the start of the year had been brought forward in Scotland in 1600). It was increasingly common in the period covered by this thesis, however, to see potentially ambiguous dates given in the form ‘1 January 1702/3’. The dates given in this thesis, referring as they do to events in England and Wales, are given in the Old Style, but with the year taken to begin on 1 January, rather than 25 March. vii CONTENTS Declaration page i Abstract iii Acknowledgments iv List of Abbreviations v List of Plates vi Note on Dating vii Contents viii-xii INTRODUCTION: CATHEDRALS, RELIGION AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MODERN 1-31 ENGLAND PART I: ENGLISH CATHEDRALS AND THEIR EARLY MODERN PASTS 2-11 1. ‘THE FORGOTTEN CENTURIES’: CATHEDRALS AND THE REFORMATION IN 3-5 ANTIQUARIAN AND ART-HISTORICAL SCHOLARSHIP 2. FROM ‘CONSERVATIVE SEEDBEDS’ TO PROTESTANT POWERHOUSES: THE RE- 5-11 ASSESSMENT OF CATHEDRALS IN EARLY MODERN HISTORY PART II: CATHEDRALS AND RELIGIOUS CULTURE IN THE LATER STUART PERIOD 11-24 1. ENGLISH CATHEDRALS IN THE LATER STUART PERIOD, 1660-1714 11-14 2. RELIGION AND CULTURE IN LATER SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY HISTORIOGRAPHY 14-20 3. CATHEDRALS, RELIGIOUS IDENTITY AND THE QUESTION OF ‘ANGLICANISM’ 20-24 PART III: METHODOLOGY 24-31 CHAPTER 1: ‘VERIE DENNES OF THEVES’ OR ‘PROFITABLE TO THE CHURCH’? 32-63 CRITIQUES AND DEFENCES OF CATHEDRALS, C.1558-1660 PART I: THE ELIZABETHAN ADMONITION CONTROVERSY AND THE FORMULATION 35-47 OF A PROTESTANT CATHEDRAL IDEAL, C.1558-1603 viii 1. THE ADMONITION TO THE PARLIAMENT AND PURITAN CRITIQUES OF CATHEDRALS, 37-41 C.1558-1603 2. JOHN WHITGIFT, THE ADMONITION CONTROVERSY AND THE FORMULATION OF A 41-44 PROTESTANT CATHEDRAL IDEAL, C.1572-1603 3. PURITANISM, REFORM AND THE PROTESTANT CATHEDRAL IDEAL, C.1572-1603 44-47 PART II: FROM CENTRES OF REFORMED RELIGION TO CEREMONIAL ‘MOTHER 48-55 CHURCHES’: THE LAUDIAN SHIFT AND THE PURITAN RESPONSE, C.1620- 1640 1. CATHEDRALS AS AUTHORITARIAN ‘MOTHER CHURCHES’: THE QUESTION OF 50-53 JURISDICTION AND AUTHORITY 2. CATHEDRALS AS DIOCESAN ‘MOTHER CHURCHES’: THE QUESTION OF IURE DIVINO 53-55 EPISCOPACY PART III: RECAPTURING THE PROTESTANT CATHEDRAL IDEAL: CATHEDRALS AND 56-63 THE DEBATES OF THE LONG PARLIAMENT, C.1640-1649 1. RESUSCITATING THE PROTESTANT CATHEDRAL IDEAL: JOHN HACKET AND THE 58-63 LONG PARLIAMENT DEBATES CHAPTER 2: CATHEDRALS, THE ENFORCEMENT OF CONFORMITY AND THE 64-103 CAUSE OF COMPREHENSION, 1660-1689 PART I: CATHEDRALS, RE-ESTABLISHMENT AND DEBATES OVER RELIGIOUS 67-76 SETTLEMENT, 1660-1662 1.