Deep-rooted hopes and green entanglements : implementing indigenous peoples rights and nature-conservation in the Philippines and Indonesia Perez, P.L. Citation Perez, P. L. (2010, May 19). Deep-rooted hopes and green entanglements : implementing indigenous peoples rights and nature-conservation in the Philippines and Indonesia. Central Book Supply, Inc. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15511 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis License: in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15511 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Deep-Rooted Hopes and Green Entanglements Implementing Indigenous Peoples Rights and Nature-Conservation in the Philippines and Indonesia Title Deep-Rooted Hopes and Green Entanglements. Implementing Indigenous Peoples Rights and Nature-Conservation in the Philippines and Indonesia. Titel Diep-Gewortelde Hoop en Groene Verstrengeling. De Implementatie van Inheemse Rechten en Natuurbescherming in de Filippijnen en Indonesie Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University. Cover photos: Padmapani L. Perez. (Front cover, top.) Bringing sweet potatoes home from the swidden fields (photo by Ferdinand John Balanag) with a backdrop of Kalanguya homes nestled in the Benguet mountains. (Front cover, bottom) Taking freshly caught fish from the nets with a Ngaju Dayak fishing shelter in the background, in Danao Jalam Pangen. (Back cover, left to right) Men, women, and children in Tawangan, Philippines, and Baun Bango, Indonesia. Layout: Jennifer Patricia A. Cariño Cover design and maps: www.jasonherbolario.com Print: Central Book Supply, Inc. ISBN: 978-971-011-123-7 © Padmapani L. Perez 2010 Suggested citation: P. L. Perez (2010) Deep-Rooted Hopes and Green Entanglements: Implementing Indigenous Peoples Rights and Nature-Conservation in the Philippines and Indonesia. PhD dissertation. Leiden: Leiden University. This study was made possible by Leiden University and the Directoraat-Generaal Internationale Samenwerking. For Solana Perez Promotie commissie Promotores Prof. dr. G. Persoon Prof. dr. R. Schefold Overige leden Dr. B. Barendregt, Leiden University, Netherlands Prof. dr. L. Duhaylungsod, De La Salle University, Philippines Prof. dr. L. Visser, Wageningen University, Netherlands Deep-Rooted Hopes and Green Entanglements Implementing Indigenous Peoples Rights and Nature-Conservation in the Philippines and Indonesia Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 19 mei 2010 klokke 11:15 uur door Padmapani L. Perez geboren te Baguio City, Philippines in 1974 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF IMAGES AND MAPS i LIST OF ACRONYMS iii PREFACE v CHAPTER ONE Introduction and Theory 3 CHAPTER TWO Kalanguya Landscapes 35 CHAPTER THREE Governing Indigenous People 63 CHAPTER FOUR Ngaju Riverscapes 95 CHAPTER FIVE Contemporary Futures 123 CHAPTER SIX Environmental Etiquette 143 CHAPTER SEVEN Making and Breaking Boundaries 171 CHAPTER EIGHT Conclusion 191 REFERENCES 201 SUMMARY 215 SAMENVATTING 225 CURRICULUM VITAE 235 DVD audio-visual Appendix: Irreconcilable differences or meaningful connections. Insert LIST OF IMAGES AND MAPS Page Photo 1.1 2 A portion of the village of Baun Bango, taken from the Katingan River. Photo 1.2 2 A portion of the village of Tawangan. Photo 2.1 35 Tawangan's landscape is dominated by vegetable gardens. Photo 2.2 37 Timescapes of inum'an or sweet potato swidden fields. Photo 2.3 52 Joseph Molitas, former barangay captain of Tawangan, looks across Lake Ambulalakaw, which is considered by the Department on Environment and Natural Resources to be a threatened section of the Mt. Pulag National Park. Photo 2.4 59 Laria Nimo, Dilin Nimo, and Sarsilia Bugtong discussing their views of the future with the researcher. Photo 3.1 73 Residents of Lusod listen in on the negotiations at the ancestral domain boundary resolution between Lusod and Balite. Photo 3.2 77 A resident of Lusod testifies on the location of his land in relation to the boundary being negotiated. Behind him is a map of the contested area that was drawn up by villagers at a previous ancestral domain boundary resolution. Photo 3.3 82 The first boundary marker for the Kabayan ancestral domain. Photo 3.4 85 An officer of the NCIP plots out a Tawangan genealogy at a re-validation session. Photo 4.1 95 A temporary shelter, or pondok, in one of Danao Jalam Pangen's many tributaries. Photo 4.2 101 Pak Mohles and a nephew harvest rice from their "experimental" ladang near Baun Bango. The area was naturally burned and then was later flooded but the household was able to harvest some rice for their own consumption. Photo 4.3 104 Mami in the depths of a kebon rotan (rattan plantation) during a day of harvest. Mami and her companions will get half the worth of their harvest once it is sold. The other half will go to the owner of the plantation. Page Photo 4.4 107 Ibu Sukarsih laying out salted fish to dry in the sun. Photo 5.1 123 Fishing is not only a vital part of the Ngaju livelihood repertoire, it is also a favorite pastime for young and old alike. Photo 5.2 131 Children walk to school on the path that bisects Baun Bango. Photo 5.3 135 A logging canal that connects to Danao Jalam Pangen. Photo 5.4 137 Pak Idrus' rattan harvest is weighed aboard a rattan trader's boat. Photo 6.1 143 Local government officials of Kecamatan Kamipang sit down to a meal during a sosialisasi visit to one of the villages in their jurisdiction. Photo 6.2 147 Residents of Tawangan work voluntarily to keep the roads to their village open during the rainy season. Photo 7.1 171 Ginsiman, one of the respected elders and mabaki of Tawangan, speaks at a community assembly organized by the NCIP. Photo 7.2 180 Pak Ardinan, a Kaharingan leader from Baun Bango, speaks at the 2005 gathering of adat leaders in Kasongan. Location Map: Tawangan, Municipality of Kabayan 34 Location Map: Baun Bango, Kecamatan Kamipang 94 ii LIST OF ACRONYMS ADBR Ancestral Domain Boundary Resolution ADSDPP Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan AMAN Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara BKSDA Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam CADC Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title CALC Certificate of Ancestral Land Claim CALT Certificate of Ancestral Land Title CARP Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program CLOA Certificate of Land Ownership Award DAR Department of Agrarian Reform DAO Departmental Administrative Order DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources IPRA Indigenous Peoples Rights Act LGU Local Government Unit NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples NGO Non-Government Organization NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System PAMB Protected Areas Management Board UN United Nations WWF World Wildlife Fund iii iv Preface This study is rooted in the places where daily struggles to make a living in the environment coincide and collide with efforts to save nature and/or the environment through the delineation of protected areas. In this dissertation I explore the intertwining of the causes of environmentalism and indigenous peoples rights. I look into whether this interface lends itself well to both environmentalist causes and indigenous aspirations. It is critical to understand both elements of this dynamic: indigenous peoples, their link with the conservation of biodiversity and their relationship with the implementors/advocates of nature conservation; and the impact of the latter actors and their green vision on indigenous communities and their environments. This dissertation is composed of two case studies from the Philippines and Indonesia, spread out across a combination of chapters and published papers. Each case study focuses on the implementation of policies and programs on the environment and indigenous peoples. The Philippine case study concerns the Kalanguya of the village of Tawangan, which is located inside the Mt. Pulag National Park, in the Cordillera Administrative Region. The Indonesian case study concerns the Ngaju Dayak of the village of Baun Bango, which shares its borders with the Taman Nasional Sebangau, in the province of Central Kalimantan. Chapters Two and Four are ethnographic papers on the Philippine and Indonesian case studies respectively, and are centered on social and environmental change at the village-level. These two chapters show in detail how work, or livelihood, and the environment become constantly negotiated uncertainties when conservation goals and local realities meet. Chapters Three and Five expand the ethnography and analysis of each of the case studies, but from different vantage points. Chapter Three is about the roles of indigenous elite in boundary making and maintenance. I look at this in the context of the implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) among the Kalanguya in Tawangan and the areas surrounding the Mt. Pulag National Park. The IPRA recognizes indigenous rights to territory while placing the responsibility (and restrictions) of environmental conservation and sustainable development on indigenous peoples. In Chapter Five I link different actors’ imagined futures for the environment in general, and the Taman Nasional Sebangau in particular, with the lived realities and aspirations of the Ngaju of Baun Bango, creating an initial