Imaginations and Configurations of Polish Society Polen: Kultur – Geschichte – Gesellschaft Poland: Culture – History – Society Herausgegeben von / Edited by Yvonne Kleinmann Band 3 / Volume 3 Imaginations and Configurations of Polish Society From the Middle Ages through the Twentieth Century Edited by Yvonne Kleinmann, Jürgen Heyde, Dietlind Hüchtker, Dobrochna Kałwa, Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov, Katrin Steffen and Tomasz Wiślicz WALLSTEIN VERLAG Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Deutsch-Polnischen Wissenschafts- stiftung (DPWS) und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (Emmy Noether- Programm, Geschäftszeichen KL 2201/1-1). Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2017 www.wallstein-verlag.de Vom Verlag gesetzt aus der Garamond und der Frutiger Umschlaggestaltung: Susanne Gerhards, Düsseldorf © SG-Image unter Verwendung einer Fotografie (Y. Kleinmann) von »Staffel«, Nationalstadion Warschau Lithografie: SchwabScantechnik, Göttingen ISBN (Print) 978-3-8353-1904-2 ISBN (E-Book, pdf) 978-3-8353-2999-7 Contents Acknowledgements . IX Note on Transliteration und Geographical Names . X Yvonne Kleinmann Introductory Remarks . XI An Essay on Polish History Moshe Rosman How Polish Is Polish History? . 19 1. Political Rule and Medieval Society in the Polish Lands: An Anthropologically Inspired Revision Jürgen Heyde Introduction to the Medieval Section . 37 Stanisław Rosik The »Baptism of Poland«: Power, Institution and Theology in the Shaping of Monarchy and Society from the Tenth through Twelfth Centuries . 46 Urszula Sowina Spaces of Communication: Patterns in Polish Towns at the Turn of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Times . 54 Iurii Zazuliak Ius Ruthenicale in Late Medieval Galicia: Critical Reconsiderations . 66 Jürgen Heyde Migration and Ethnicity in Medieval Poland: »Ethnic Markers« in a Historical Perspective . 85 5 Contents 2. Multiple Loyalties: Coexistence of Political, Territorial and Religious Self-Conceptions in Early Modern Communities Yvonne Kleinmann and Tomasz Wi´slicz Introduction to the Early Modern Section . 111 Anna Grze´skowiak-Krwawicz The Political Discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Towards an Analysis . 121 Karin Friedrich Political Loyalties in the Commonwealth’s Borderlands: Bogusław Radziwiłł (1620-1669) and the Problem of Treason . 143 Bogumił Szady Religious Regionalization of the Polish Crown in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century: A Geographical-Historical Approach 174 3. Facing a Fantasy: Concepts of Community in the Imperial Setting of the Nineteenth Century Dietlind Hüchtker and Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov Introduction to the Nineteenth-Century Section . 209 Karsten Holste Reform from Above and Politics from Below: Peasants in the Prussian Partition of Poland . 217 Ostap Sereda On the Frontiers of the Former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Polish Theater in Russian-Ruled Kyiv before 1863 . 238 Maciej Górny Identity under Scrutiny: The First World War in Local Communities . 261 6 Contents 4. Counter-Narratives of the Twentieth Century? Re-Confi gurations due to Mobility, Violence and Transformation Dobrochna Kałwa and Katrin Steffen Introduction to the Twentieth-Century Section . 281 Kornelia Ko´nczal The Quest for German Property in East Central Europe after 1945: The Semantics of Plunder and the Sense of Reconstruction . 291 Dietlind Hüchtker Gender, Youth, and Popular Culture: Telling Polish History during Socialism . 313 Olga Linkiewicz Bearers of Local Stories: Memories of the Eastern Borderlands and the Grand Narratives of the Polish Kresy . 335 Winson Chu »Something has destroyed my memory«: Stalingrad and Karl Dedecius’s Second World War . 355 List of Contributors . 377 7 Acknowledgements This book is the result of the international conference Imaginations and Configurations of Polish Society: From the Middle Ages through the 20th Century, initiated by the Aleksander Brückner Center for Polish Studies and co-organized with the Historical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IH PAN), Warsaw, and the Center for the History and Culture of East Central Europe (GWZO, now the Leib- niz Institute for History and Culture of Eastern Europe), Leipzig. The conference that convened in Halle and Leipzig in October 2014 was nourished by perspectives from history and its neighboring disciplines. It aimed at both an appreciation and critical revision of historical nar- ratives on Polish society in longue durée as well as at the development of new research questions and perspectives. The articles presented here are extensively reworked versions of most of the papers presented; in addition a few new contributions were integrated into the volume. The Polish-German Foundation for Academic Cooperation (PNFN) acted as primary sponsor of the conference as well as of this volume. Additional funding was provided by the German Research Foundation (Emmy Noether Program, GZ KL 2201/1-1) and the GWZO e.V. via the funding priority »Centers of the Humanities« of the Federal Min- istry of Education and Research (FKZ 01UG1410). The editors would like to take this occasion to thank all those who agreed to start this joint venture and who participated in the confer- ence, and especially those who faced the editing process in discuss- ing and revising their articles. We offer special thanks to Michael G. Müller, who long before the conference was an inspiring interlocutor in conversations on the varying political contexts and spaces of Polish history; to Wojciech Kriegseisen, Director of the Institute for History of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IH PAN), who agreed to start this cooperative project; to Christian Lübke, Director of the GWZO, who participated in and hosted part of the conference; and to the Univer- sity Library and the Franckesche Stiftungen in Halle, where parts of the conference took place. Within the Aleksander Brückner Center we are particularly grateful to Paulina Gulińska-Jurgiel and Doro- thea Warneck, both research fellows, who carried the organizational responsibility for the whole event. On their part they could not have done without the administrative skills of Sylvia Opel. We also wish IX Note on Transliteration and Geographical Names to thank our students Patrick Ulm and Paweł Gorszczyński, who as- sisted in the organization of the conference, as well as Kay Schmück- ing, who supported the editing process by his accuracy in text-editing and critical remarks. Silke Dutzmann, cartographer at the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography in Leipzig, generously contributed the maps to Moshe Rosman’s essay. Joseph E.B. Hogan and Jonathan Long, through their English copy-editing, substantially improved the texts, which were written mostly by non-native speakers. Last, but not least, we would like to thank Christiane Weber and Janet Boatin, who steadily accom- panied and supported the book project at Wallstein publishing house. The editors Note on Transliteration and Geographical Names The transliteration of Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian follows the Library of Congress system, the exception being that, for the sake of readability, »ь« (soft sign) in Ukrainian is represented by an apostro- phe (’) only in the footnotes and bibliographies, but not in the main text. We have not held to a coherent use of place names in the case of cities, towns, and villages, as many of them were situated in varying political and linguistic contexts. Each author has decided on the suit- able name(s) in the individual historical setting, e.g. Kiev, Kijów, or Kyiv. X Yvonne Kleinmann Introductory Remarks The cover of this book shows a digitally altered version of Adam Ro- man’s sculpture Sztafeta (Relay Team), dating from 1955, which de- picts three runners exactly at the moment when one of them is handing over the baton to his team mate. The sculpture was originally created for the 10th-Anniversary Stadium (Stadion Dziesięciolecia) in Warsaw, which for its part was built to commemorate the Manifesto of the Pol- ish Committee for National Liberation from 22 July 1944, installed by Iosif Stalin as a transitional government of Poland after liberation from German occupation. On the one hand the Manifesto recognized the democratic Polish March Constitution of 1921, but on the other hand it was meant to introduce Communist rule in Poland.1 The use of the stadium that was conceptualized as a venue for soccer matches, athletics competitions, but also for Party and state festivities, devel- oped just as contradictorily. Among others, the stadium was the site of the official Harvest Festival on 8 September 1968 where Ryszard Siwiec, a former soldier of the nationalist Home Army, accountant, and anti-communist activist, immolated himself publicly in protest of the military invasion of Warsaw Pact troops in Czechoslovakia and of socialist rule in Poland.2 In 1983 it also hosted the Papal mass of John Paul II, which was attended by 100,000 people. After the collapse of state socialism, under administration of a private company the dilap- idated stadium was turned into the Fair of Europe (Jarmark Europy), the largest European outdoor bazaar, soon to be perceived as a site of wild capitalism and uncontrollable illegal activities.3 Finally, from 2008 the stadium was demolished to make space for the new National Stadium, which became one of the venues of the European Football