VI WORLD MATERIALS SUMMIT MATERIALS INNOVATION FOR THE GLOBAL CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY Council of Europe, Strasbourg — 20th & 21st November 2017 INCLUDING THE FORUM FOR NEXT GENERATION RESEARCHERS Council of Europe – European Youth Centre, Strasbourg, France 18–19 November 2017 Chaire UNESCO << Sciences et Ingénierie des matériaux: énergie environnement santé >> VI WORLD MATERIALS SUMMIT b MATERIALS INNOVATION FOR THE GLOBAL CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY MATERIALS INNOVATION FOR THE GLOBAL CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY Council of Europe, Strasbourg – 20th & 21st November 2017 Chaire UNESCO << Sciences et Ingénierie des matériaux: énergie environnement santé >> VI WORLD MATERIALS SUMMIT Including The Forum for Next Generation Researchers 18-19 November 2017 Council of Europe – European Youth Centre, Strasbourg, France Africa Australia Brazil India Japan Korea Mexico Russia Singapore Taiwan i VI WORLD MATERIALS SUMMIT © 2018 by European Materials Research Society Copyright pertains to content other than that obtained from public domain sources. Excerpts of content may be reproduced subject to full acknowledgment of the source. Illustrations from cited sources may have been modified for clarity. Published by: European Materials Research Society 23 Rue du Loess BP 20 – 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France [email protected] Production management: Cycloid Fathom Technical Publishing, Illinois, USA M. Nelson (graphic design), S. Zillman (copy editing) Printed in: Strasbourg, France Printer: Éclair Reproduction First Printing, 2018 CONTRIBUTING EDITORS COMMON ABBREVIATIONS John Blizzard European Materials Research Society AHSS advanced high-strength George Crabtree Argonne National Laboratory steels Osvaldo N. Oliveira, Jr. Universidade de São Paulo CCS carbon capture and sequestration (or storage) Rod Ewing Stanford University CNG compressed natural gas Lan Fu Australian National University CNT carbon nanotube Andrew B. Holmes University of Melbourne CSP concentrated solar power Martin Hynes European Science Foundation CST concentrated solar thermal Elton Kaufmann Argonne National Laboratory CTE coefficient of thermal George Kiriakidis University of Crete expansion José Manuel Martínez-Duart Universidad Autónoma de Madrid EHS electricity home systems Baldev Raj National Institute of Advanced Studies ELV end-of-life vehicle (Bengarulu) GHG greenhouse gases Sharath Sriram Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology ICT information and Alan Taub University of Michigan communications technology Peter Wellmann Friedrich Alexander Universität PCE power conversion efficiency PAM polyacrylamide PV photovoltaic RES renewable energy source(s) SAR synthetic aperture radar ON THE COVER View of an array of heliostats taken from the power collector tower at Chile’s Atacama1 Concentrated Solar (Thermal) Power Plant. DISCLAIMER To the best of the publisher’s ability, this report is faithful to the fact and spirit of reported proceedings. Neither EMRS, CMRS, IUMRS or their officers, members or employees make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any liability for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of information reported herein. Names of corporations and other potential sources of additional information about a specific topic are inserted in the text as [Name] only to aid the reader. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute its endorsement or guarantee its appropriateness for any application. The views and opinions of authors, editors, and organizers expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of sponsoring organisations. ii MATERIALS INNOVATION FOR THE GLOBAL CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY REMARKS FROM THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE Excerpts from remarks delivered to the Summit from Gabriella Battaini-Dragoni, Deputy Secretary General of the Council of Europe. We live in an era of extraordinary scientific and technological advance. Not since the industrial revolution has so much change come so quickly or been so profound. New technologies and electronic data, environmental matters, reproductive rights and end-of-life issues: Each of these and more are pertinent to the work that we do. The European Court of Human Rights has found that the positive obligation on States to protect the right to life applies in the context of toxic emissions and waste-collection sites, including where these are the responsibility of private companies. The Council of Europe is the first international organization to include examination of the implications of artificial intelligence for human rights and the rule of law in its work program. In a fast-changing field, it is important to take stock of the issues, and recommend courses of action that will have a positive benefit for society and mitigate the problems that arise. Paraphrasing recent remarks of Patricia Espinosa Cantellano, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, ‘…[there are] two faces of climate change: firstly positive, resolute, inspiring momentum by so many governments and a growing array of cities and states to business, civil society leaders and UN agencies aligning to the Paris Agreement’s aims and goals…[but] secondly, the reality check. The thermometer of risk is rising; the pulse of the planet is racing; people are hurting; the window of opportunity is closing and we must go further and faster together to lift ambition and action to the next defining level’. [5 November 2017, in re COP23] iii VI WORLD MATERIALS SUMMIT iv MATERIALS INNOVATION FOR THE GLOBAL CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY PREFACE The purpose of the Sixth World Materials Summit, as dependent medical infrastructure that is already was true of its five predecessors, is to bring together burdened, due to growing average life expectancy policy- and decision-makers, experts in markets and and the resulting greater percentage of the aged in industrial technologies, and leaders from the science the population. research community. They assess the status of the many global challenges we face today, identify the best Finding new sources of clean fresh paths forward, and recommend actions that will get us water, as well as efficient ‘green’ moving along those paths. This year’s program focuses on Materials Innovation for the Global Circular Economy desalinization technologies for sea and Sustainable Society. The economic model that water, is an urgent need. focuses on eliminating waste and inefficiency and Participants in the Summit’s deliberative process promotes greater resource productivity — what we call immediately recognize the difficult task confronting the ‘circular economy’—has been discussed in many them. For example, there is a great tension between forums. Sustainability is part and parcel of that concept. the vast benefits we derive from our industrialized What is unique to our series of Summits is our society, with ever-increasing technological power to recognition of the crucial and ubiquitous enabling role improve the quality of life for an ever-increasing fraction played by advanced engineering materials — present in of the planet’s population, and the largely unintended almost every aspect of the challenges the world faces, negative consequences of that extraordinarily rapid yet formerly taken for granted or ignored. It is now progress: the anthropogenic impact on what some will widely appreciated that materials development and claim is an easily disrupted and delicate ecological innovation are key to meeting and overcoming virtually balance. In the marketplace, the very automation and all the challenges facing the world, if the sustainable growing digital economy that make our lives easier circular economy is ever to be achieved. work against a ‘sustainable society’ through the erosion of job markets at the same time that populations grow, The list of global challenges is long and complex. especially in developing regions. History has taught Adding to the complexity of these issues is their us that these circumstances often lead to political extreme interconnectedness. With population growth unrest and conflict, especially when exacerbated by as a driving force (world population is estimated endemic cultural factors. The public at large sees and to increase more than 30% by 2050), we can see is sensitive to such flare-ups of conflict and discord, regionally non-uniform deficiencies becoming more but is much less aware of the slower and less dramatic, severe in food, potable water, energy, and critical but nevertheless dangerous, abuse of our one and materials, as well as degradation and disruption of the only home. environment — land, water and air. Summit participants, in contrast, are intensely aware of Obvious examples of multifaceted interdependence the challenges of sustainability. We can only theorize are seen among food supply, water for irrigation of about the Earth system’s elasticity — its forgiveness arable land, and fertilizers and pesticides that increase of the insults we inflict and its ability to self-correct. food production but potentially contaminate the Similarly, whether, how, and for how long populations ground water that would otherwise supply potable can absorb hardships and remain viable can only be water in many regions. Finding new sources of clean surmised from past experience —and these days also fresh water, as well as efficient ‘green’ desalinization from agent-based modelling using