Analysis of the relation between land rights and environmental measures in protected areas in Tanzania: the case of Saadani National Park Libia Yelena Romero Lara March, 2010 Analysis of the relation between land rights and environmental measures in protected areas in Tanzania: the case of Saadani National Park By Libia Yelena Romero Lara Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Specialisation: Land Administration. Thesis Assessment Board Prof. Ir. P. van der Molen (Chair) Dr. Ing. M. Klaus (External Examiner) Ir. M.C. Bronsveld (First Supervisor) Prof. Dr. J.A. Zevenbergen (Second Supervisor) Mr. J.F.M. van der Steen (Member) UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE FACULTY OF GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. Abstract The establishment of protected areas is a worldwide practice that intends to defend biodiversity and wildlife from human development. Such a policy tends to neglect rights of local communities, mainly in the practice of national parks. This is a restrictive measure that imposes difficult and most of the time conflicting effects to the people settled around. Considering that Tanzania is a country that has widely embraced this approach, the aim of this study was to analyse the effect relation between the establishment of Saadani National Park, the most recent gazetted national park, and the diverse rights in the neighbouring area hold by local communities. For this aim, data was gathered in the villages of Saadani, Uvinje and Bujuni as well as diverse secondary sources. As a way of a general understanding of the facts, the conceptual framework DPSIR was adapted to the context of this research and used to categorise and identify the most relevant elements that are related and somehow influencing the system establishment of SANAPA-people living inside or near outside the park. Also conceiving modelling and analysis of perceptions as a good means to detect differences in views of different stakeholders related to an issue, thus supporting the recognition of existing conflict between them, in this research DANA software was used as a computer-based tool for performing such analysis. Results of DPSIR framework allowed getting an overview of the ‘system’ such as the influences of certain policies, the character of the economy of the area: mostly based on agriculture, livestock keeping and finishing; the presence of a growing population that surrounds the park together with an increased limitations in livelihoods and boundaries uncertainty, among others. Having these results it was possible to derive indicators that would help in understanding and detecting possible sources of conflicts. Complementing these results, DANA analysis revealed that the stakeholders only diverge in the actions that should be taken, not in the goals for the ‘system’. From the analysis of inferred best and worst strategies in DANA, it was possible to identify a conflict in relation to illegal access to the park by local communities, which in the view of villagers should increase while for TANAPA it should reduce. Interestingly, the worst strategy for villagers was identified as ‘keeping things as they are’: unfair compensation, loss of rights to land and to land resources and community displacement. With this knowledge, it was possible to propose some instruments to be included in the implementation of SANAPA to reduce the existing conflicts observed. Outputs of the DPSIR framework with the modelling of perceptions with DANA were conceived as complementary in allowing the analysis going from general to more specific issues and allowing cross- check of the results for the sake of validity. It is important also to consider that due to the basis on causal relations that both methodologies have, gathering considerable data is needed to provide reliable outputs. Stakeholders ideally should be involved in the process of analysis validating the results. In general, this approach seems to be consistent and provides a potential applicability in diverse issues of land administration studies. KEYWORDS: Conflicts, DANA, DPSIR, environmental measures, national parks, perceptions graphs, SANAPA, policy instruments. i Acknowledgements “Praise the LORD, all you nations; extol him, all you peoples. For great is his love toward us, and the faithfulness of the LORD endures forever. Praise the LORD” Psalm 117 My heart is completely grateful to the Lord for giving me the opportunity to study at ITC and for having brought me with His blessings so far. Writing a thesis is not an easy task; that would have not been completed without the contributions of several people. Firstly I would like to extend my deep gratitude to my first supervisor and course director Ir. Kees Bronsveld and to my second supervisor Prof. Jaap Zevenbergen for all their help and valuable comments and suggestions to this document. I thank all lecturers in ITC, particularly in Land Administration course and all administrative staff for their contribution to the accomplishment of my studies. I am really grateful to NFP for granting me the scholarship to follow my MSc in the Netherlands. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Ardhi University staff in Tanzania in the names of Dr. H. Kayuza, Mr. F. Komu, Ms. K. Moyo, Eritruda and all those that contributed to my work and assisted me during my stay in Tanzania and very especial thanks are to Dr. A. Mwasumbi for her valuable collaboration. Mi gratitude goes also to Prisca for her assistance in the translations during the fieldwork. My sincere appreciation for their time spent answering my questions or helping me to get the information I needed is given to staff from Dar es Salaam University particularly Institute of Resources Assessment, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division and Bagamoyo District Council as well as villagers from Saadani, Uvinje and Buyuni in Tanzania. Thanks to LA family 2008-2010 for the fellowship during all the nice and tough time we went trough during these 18 months. I am grateful to all my friends in ITC and in a very special way to Serah and Firas for their love, kindness and support. I thank also the apostles Fernando and Graciela Betancourt for their love and for their prayers for me: Dios los bendiga abundantemente . I would like also to express my gratitude to those friends and relatives that were always supporting and encourage me through the distance. Last but never least my deep thankfulness goes to my mom: Mamita gracias por la educación que me brindaste, gracias por apoyarme en todos mi planes, gracias por tus oraciones, gracias por ser la mama tan maravillosa que eres, Dios te bendiga siempre ; to my sister: Lilian gracias por tu cariño, gracias por lo especial que eres conmigo y gracias por ser mi amiga; and to Rodri: meu amor lindo muito obrigado por todos os momentos compartilhados, obrigado por todo o seu apoio incondicional para mim ; muito obrigado pela sua contribuição para a minha tese. Eu agradeço muito a Deus por sua vida e por ter o colocado em minha vida, eu amo você. Libia Yelena Romero Lara Enschede, February 2010. ii Dedicated to the memory of my beloved father Joaquin Romero, My mom, my sister and Rodrigo. iii Table of contents 1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background........................................................................................................................1 1.2. Problem Context.................................................................................................................2 1.3. Problem Statement..............................................................................................................3 1.4. Research Objectives............................................................................................................3 1.5. Research Questions.............................................................................................................3 1.6. Conceptual Framework.......................................................................................................4 1.7. Research methods ...............................................................................................................5 1.7.1. Literature Review...........................................................................................................5 1.7.2. Case Study.....................................................................................................................5 1.7.3. DPSIR Conceptual Framework.......................................................................................5 1.7.4. Indicators Establishment.................................................................................................5 1.7.5. Perception modelling – DANA........................................................................................5 1.7.6. Instruments Proposal ......................................................................................................6 1.8. Thesis