UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Intra-body Communications for Body Area Networks DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science by Ahmed Eissa Fathy Khorshid Dissertation Committee: Professor Ahmed Eltawil, Chair Professor Fadi Kurdahi Professor Michael Green 2019 Chapter 2 © EAI Chapter 3 © IEEE & Springer Nature Chapter 4 © Springer Nature Chapter 5 © IEEE All Other Material© 2019 Ahmed Eissa Fathy Khorshid DEDICATION To My parents, grandparents, my brother and his family and my friends ii Table of Contents Page LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................... xviii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION .................................................................................... xxi Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction & Literature Survey ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Intra-Body Communications (IBC) .................................................................................. 7 1.2.1 Electro-static (Capacitive) Near-field Coupling ........................................................... 8 1.2.2 Galvanic Coupling ........................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Prior Work ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Zimmerman & Personal Area Networks (PANs) ....................................................... 11 1.3.2 Capacitive Coupling Trials ......................................................................................... 12 1.3.3 Galvanic Coupling Trials............................................................................................ 12 1.3.4 Alternative & Mixed Trials ........................................................................................ 14 1.3.5 Channel Modeling & Modulation Techniques ........................................................... 16 1.4 Summary & Challenges ................................................................................................. 18 1.5 Dissertation Contribution ............................................................................................... 21 1.6 Dissertation Outline........................................................................................................ 22 References .............................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Intrabody Communications Data Carrier .................................................................................. 27 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Electromagnetic (EM) Waves .......................................................................................... 27 2.2 Magnetic Human Body Communications ........................................................................ 28 2.3 Ultrasonic Waves ............................................................................................................. 30 2.4 Electromagnetic V.S. Ultrasonic Waves .......................................................................... 31 2.4.1 Attenuation .................................................................................................................... 32 2.4.2 Delay ............................................................................................................................. 34 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 35 References .............................................................................................................................. 37 iii Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 39 Human Channel Modeling......................................................................................................... 39 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Basic Model Blocks ......................................................................................................... 40 3.3 IBC Circuit Model ............................................................................................................ 43 3.3.1 Bio-Electrical Parameters .............................................................................................. 47 3.3.2.1 Skin............................................................................................................................. 49 3.3.2.2 Bone ........................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.3 Geometrical Approximation .......................................................................................... 51 3.4 Simulation results ............................................................................................................. 57 3.5 Finite Element Method ..................................................................................................... 60 3.5.1 FEM Models .................................................................................................................. 60 3.5.2 FEM Simulations .......................................................................................................... 62 3.5.3 Current Density Distribution ......................................................................................... 63 3.5.4 FEM Models & the Circuit Model ................................................................................ 67 3.6 Galvanic IBC Channel’s Sensitivity to System Parameters ............................................. 69 3.6.1 Tissue’s Electrical Properties ........................................................................................ 69 3.6.2 Transmitter and Receiver Impedances .......................................................................... 71 3.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 73 References .............................................................................................................................. 74 Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 76 Electrode Modeling ................................................................................................................... 76 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 76 4.2 Single Order Model .......................................................................................................... 80 4.3 Double Order Model ........................................................................................................ 82 4.4 Channel Model Variation with Respect to Electrodes Parameters .................................. 86 4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 91 References .............................................................................................................................. 92 Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 94 Physical Multi-Layer Phantom Models ..................................................................................... 94 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 94 5.2 Phantoms .......................................................................................................................... 95 5.3 Oil Phantoms .................................................................................................................... 97 5.4 Oil-Kerosene Phantoms ................................................................................................. 100 iv 5.5 Experimental Setup ........................................................................................................ 101 5.6 Experimental Results...................................................................................................... 102 5.7 Composite Sample.......................................................................................................... 108 5.8