GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS FUTURE FOR The American hemisphere is fortunate to have abundant energy resources, but our energy future depends on wise public policy and effective investment. A key point is that adequate resources are necessary, but not sufficient to meet current and future energy needs, especially when viewed in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 7, 11 and 13. In response to the SDGs, the volume considers the challenges of under served populations and it assesses the special relationship between gender and the energy economy in the developing world. The book also evaluates the current and future status of renewable energy, and especially solar energy, wind and biofuels, in the Americas in meeting the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Inter American Network of Academies of Science (IANAS) is dedicated SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ENERGY SUSTAINABLE to bringing science-based solutions to the big challenges of the 21st century. This IANAS contribution seeks to aid policy makers in our several countries by evaluating energy choices on both national and regional scales. GUIDE TOWARDS A GUIDE TOWARDS GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS 2 GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS IANAS The Inter-American Network of Academies of Sciences IANAS is a regional network of Academies of Sciences created to support cooperation in order to strengthen science and technology as tools for advancing research and development, prosperity and equity in the Americas. www.ianas.org IANAS Co-Chairs Michael Clegg (United States) Proof Reading Juan Asenjo (Chile) Ma. Areli Montes Suárez Executive Director Translation Adriana de la Cruz Molina (Mexico) Suzanne D. Stephens Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and all Boxes IANAS Energy Program included in the book John Millhone (USA) and Claudio Estrada (Mexico) Alejandra Huete Box: Energy for Heating Editorial Committee Box: Perspective on Energy in Colombia Frances Henry (Canada), Luís Cortez (Brazil), Katherine Vammen (Nicaragua), Claudio Estrada (Mexico), Editorial Design Manfred Horn (Peru), Antony Clayton (Jamaica), Víctor Daniel Moreno Alanís John Millhone (USA), Adriana de la Cruz Molina (Mexico) Francisco Ibraham Meza Blanco Editorial Coordination Administrative Support John Millhone, Claudio Estrada and Verónica Barroso Adriana de la Cruz Molina All rights reserved © IANAS-IAP 2016 ISBN: 987-607-8379-32-3 Printed in Mexico Published by The Inter-American Network of Academies of Sciences. IANAS is a non profit international organization hosted by the Mexican Academy of Sciences since 2010. Calle Cipreses s/n, Km 23.5 de la Carretera Federal México-Cuernavaca, 14400 Tlalpan, Distrito Federal, Mexico. Please cite the name of the chapters, authors and name of the organization as IANAS. All information placed on the chapters are responsibility of the authors and contributors of the chapters. This publication is available in http://www.ianas.org/index.php/books The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IANAS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of IANAS-IAP and do not commit the Organization. This publication has been printed on ecological paper (FSC Certification): one part of the fibers is from recycled material and the other from forests exploited in a sustainable manner. Also this paper is chlorine free (ECF Certification) in order to contribute to the conservation of water resources. GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS 3 GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS 4 GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS Academies of Sciences Members of IANAS Argentina Ecuador National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Academy of Sciences of Ecuador Sciences of Argentina www.academiadecienciasecuador.org www.ancefn.org.ar Paola Leone, President Roberto L.O. Cignoli President Guatemala Brazil Academy of Medical, Physical and Brazilian Academy of Sciences Natural Sciences of Guatemala www.abc.org.br www.interacademies.net/Academies/ByRegion/ Jacob Palis, President LatinAmericaCarribbean/Guatemala/ Maria del Carmen Samayoa, President Bolivia National Academy of Sciences of Bolivia Honduras www.aciencias.org.bo National Academy of Sciences of Honduras Gonzalo Taboada López, President www.guspepper.net/academia.htm Gustavo A. Pérez, President Canada The Royal Society of Canada: The Academies of Mexico Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada Mexican Academy of Sciences https://rsc-src.ca/en/ www.amc.unam.mx Maryse Lassonde, President Jaime Urrutia, President Caribbean Nicaragua Caribbean Academy of Sciences Nicaraguan Academy of Sciences (Regional Networks) www.cienciasdenicaragua.org www.caswi.org Manuel Ortega, President Trevor Alleyne, President Panama Chile Panamanian Association for the Chilean Academy of Science Advancement of Science www.academia-ciencias.cl www.apanac.org.edu.pa Maria Teresa Ruiz, President Martín Candanedo, President Colombia Peru Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical National Academy of Sciences of Peru and Natural Sciences www.ancperu.org www.accefyn.org.co Abraham Vaisberg Wolach, President Enrique Forero, President United States of America Costa Rica US National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences of Costa Rica www.nasonline.org www.anc.cr Ralph J. Cicerone, President Pedro León Azofeita, President Uruguay Cuba The National Academy of Sciences of the Oriental Cuban Academy of Science Republic of Uruguay www.academiaciencias.cu www.anciu.org.uy Ismael Clark Arxer, President Rodolfo Gambini, President Dominican Republic Venezuela Academy of Sciences of the Dominican Republic Academy of Physical, Mathematical and Natural www.academiadecienciasrd.org Sciences of Venezuela Milcíades Mejía, President www.acfiman.org.ve Gioconda San Blas, President GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS 5 Energy Focal Points Regional Members and Chile Nicaragua Observers Miguel Kiwi Claudio Wheelock Latin American Academy of Chilean Academy of Sciences Solar Station VADSTENA –UCA– Science; Caribbean Academy of Managua, Nicaragua and UCA Sciences; Caribbean Scientific Colombia University Union; National Academy of Jose Maria Rincon Sciences of Cordoba, Argentina. Colombian Academy of Exact, Panama Physical and Natural Sciences Tomás Bazán Bolaños Energy and Environment IANAS Energy Focal Points Costa Rica Department, School of The Academy of Sciences Julio Mata Mechanical Engineering, appoints different scientists National Academy Universidad Tecnologica experts on energy with the goal of Sciences of Costa Rica to exchange information and Paraguay experiences and set common Cuba Manuel Benigno goals for the benefit of the region Daniel Lopez Aldama Gil Morlis Facetti Cubaenergia Argentina Peru Roberto P.J. Perazzo Dominican Republic Manfred Horn Buenos Aires Institute of Julian Despradel Peruvian Academy of Sciences Technology and National Academy of Sciences and Univeristy o Tacna Academy of Exact, Physical and of the Dominican Republic Natural Sciences of Argentina Uruguay Ecuador Ramón Méndez Bolivia Melio Saenz Echeverria Academy of Sciences of Uruguay Hernan Guido Vera Ruiz National Academy Guatemala USA of Sciences of Bolivia Ivan Azurdia Bravo John_Millhone Centre Latinoamericain de Calcul U.S.-China Clean Brazil Scientifique et d`Informatique Energy Research Center Luis Cortes Industrielle Urbanización The Brazilian Academy of Vista Hermosa Venezuela Sciences and State University of Jose Manuel Aller Castro Campinas – UNICAMP Honduras Academy of Physical, Wilfredo Flores Mathematical and Natural Canada Sciences of Venezuela and Simon David Layzell Jamaica Bolivar University University of Calgary Anthony Clayton Caribbean Academy of Science Mexico Claudio A Estrada Mexican Academy of Sciences 6 GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE FOR THE AMERICAS Table of contents Preface 9 By IANAS Co-Chair Michael Clegg (US) and IANAS Co-Chair Juan Asenjo (Chile) Introduction 11 By IANAS Energy Program Co-Chairs John Millhone (US) and Claudio Estrada (Mexico) Chapter 1. Energy Efficiency in the Americas 23 By John Millhone (US) Chapter 2. Energy for Underserved Populations: Meeting the basic 39 needs of the poorest people in Latin America and the Caribbean By Rafael Espinoza (Peru), Mónica Gómez (Peru) and Manfred Horn (Peru) Box. Firewood Use in Latin America and its Effects on the health 60 By Gustavo Sequiera and Mario Jiménez (Nicaragua) Chapter 3. Renewable Energy: Immense Opportunities for Renewable 63 Energy in its Many Forms By Claudio A. Estrada Gasca (Mexico), Jorge M. Islas Samperio (Mexico), Wilfredo César Flores Castro (Honduras), and additional support from Hernán Guido Vera Ruiz (Bolivia) Box. The Atacama Plant: A Bright Spot for Chile 84 By Miguel Kiwi (Chile) Box. Current Energy Status and Perspectives in Mexico 86 By Jorge M. Islas Samperio (Mexico) Box. Research and Development in the Energy Sector in Argentina 92 By Miguel Laborde and Roberto Williams (Argentina) Box. The Cuban Experience: Using Renewable Energy Sources of Energy 94 to Improve the Quality of Life in accessible Rural Areas By Luis Berriz (Cuba) GUIDE TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE