Descriptors for andQuinoa wild relatives AZUL PANTONE: S 212-2 CMYK: C = 90 M = 65 Y = 20 K =15 RGB: R = 51 G = 81 B = 125 ROJO PANTONE: S 87-1 CMYK: C = 0 M = 100 Y = 90 K = 10 RGB: R = 179 G = 0 B = 40 AMARILLO PANTONE: S 5-4 CMYK: C = 0 M = 10 Y = 100 K = 0 RGB: R = 248 G = 219 B = 0 VERDE PANTONE: S 276-1 CMYK: C = 100 M = 0 Y = 100 K = 20 RGB: R = 6 G = 123 B = 57 List of Descriptors Allium (E/S) 2000 Oil palm (E) 1989 Almond (Revised)* (E) 1985 Panicum miliaceum and P. sumatrense (E) 1985 Apple* (E) 1982 Papaya (E) 1988 Apricot* (E) 1984 Peach* (E) 1985 Avocado (E/ S) 1995 Pear* (E) 1983 Bambara groundnut (E/F) 2000 Pearl millet (E/F) 1993 Banana (E/S/F) 1996 Pepino (E) 2004 Barley (E) 1994 Phaseolus acutifolius (E) 1985 Beta (E) 1991 Phaseolus coccineus* (E) 1983 Black pepper (E/S) 1995 Phaseolus vulgaris* (E/P) 1982 Brassica and Raphanus (E) 1990 Pigeonpea (E) 1993 Brassica campestris L. (E) 1987 Pineapple (E) 1991 Buckwheat (E) 1994 Pistacia (excluding P. vera) (E) 1998 Capsicum* (E/S) 1995 Pistachio (E/F/A/R) 1997 Cardamom (E) 1994 Plum* (E) 1985 Carrot (E/S/F) 1999 Potato varieties* (E) 1985 Cashew* (E) 1986 Quinoa* (S/E/F) 2013 Chenopodium pallidicaule (S) 2005 Rambutan (E) 2003 Cherimoya (E/S) 2008 Rice* (E/P) 2007 Cherry* (E) 1985 Rocket (E/I) 1999 Chickpea (E) 1993 Rye and Triticale* (E) 1985 Citrus (E/F/S) 1999 Safflower* (E) 1983 Coconut (E) 1992 Sesame* (E) 2004 Coffee (E/S/F) 1996 Setaria italica and S. pumila (E) 1985 Cotton (Revised)* (E) 1985 Shea tree (E) 2006 Cowpea* (E) 1983 Sorghum (E/F) 1993 Cultivated potato* (E) 1977 Soyabean* (E/C) 1984 Date palm (F) 2005 Strawberry (E) 1986 Durian (E) 2007 Sunflower* (E) 1985 Echinochloa millet* (E) 1983 Sweet potato (E/S/F) 1991 Eggplant (E/F) 1990 Taro (E/F/S) 1999 Faba bean* (E) 1985 Tea (E/S/F) 1997 Fig (E) 2003 Tree tomato (E) 2013 Finger millet* (E) 1985 Tomato (E/S/F) 1996 Forage grass* (E) 1985 Tropical fruit* (E) 1980 Forage legumes* (E) 1984 Ulluco (S) 2003 Grapevine (E/S/F) 1997 Vigna aconitifolia and V. trilobata (E) 1985 Groundnut (E/S/F) 1992 Vigna mungo and V. radiata (Rev.)* (E) 1985 Hazelnut (E) 2008 Walnut (E) 1994 Jackfruit (E) 2000 Wheat (Revised)* (E) 1985 Kodo millet* (E) 1983 Wheat and Aegilops* (E) 1978 Lathyrus spp. (E) 2000 White clover (E) 1992 Lentil* (E) 1985 Winged bean* (E) 1979 Lima bean* (E/P) 2005 Xanthosoma* (E) 1989 Litchi (E) 2002 Yam (E/S/F) 1997 Lupin* (E/S) 1981 Bioversity publications are available free of charge to Maize (E/S/F/P) 1991 the libraries of genebanks, university departments, Mango (Revised) (E) 2006 research institutions, etc., in the developing world. Mangosteen (E) 2003 E, F, S, C, P, I, R, and A indicate English, French, Medicago (Annual)* (E/F) 1991 Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, Italian, Russian and Melon (E) 2003 Arabic, respectively. Titles marked with an asterisk Mung bean* (E) 1980 are out of print, but are available as Adobe Acrobat Oat* (E) 1985 portable document format (PDF) on request (send Oca* (S) 2001 E-mail to: [email protected]). Descriptors for andQuinoa wild relatives ii Quinoa and wild relatives Bioversity International is a research-for-development organization working with partners worldwide to use and conserve agricultural and forest biodiversity for improved livelihoods, nutrition, sustainability, and productive and resilient ecosystems. Bioversity International is a member of the CGIAR Consortium, a global research partnership for a food secure future. www.bioversityinternational.org. PROINPA Foundation mission is to promote innovation in farming families, local emerging entrepreneurs and agribusiness firms through technology development for agroecological crop management, agricultural biodiversity sustainable management, development of agribusinesses impact-oriented and service delivery, production and marketing of fresh and derivative Andrean products. PROINPA activities have positive effects on food security, poverty reduction, employment and income generation and effectiveness of its group working through alliances, capacity building, transparency, adaptation to climate change effects, environmental efficiency and sustainability. INIAF is the competent guiding authority of the Agricultural and Forestry Innovation System (SNIAF), aiming at creating technologies, establishing frameworks and managing public agricultural and forestry innovation policies, in order to contribute to food sovereignty and security, within the context of dialogue knowledge, social participation and genetic resources management of agricultural biodiversity as State patrimony. Achieving food security for all to make sure people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives is at the heart of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)’s effort. FAO’s mandate is to improve nutrition, increase agricultural productivity, raise the standard of living in rural populations and contribute to global economic growth. FAO’s mission aims to contribute to the creation for present and future genrations of a world in which food security reigns, through: reduction of food insecurity and rural poverty, a regulatory framework, sustainable growth and food availability, natural resources conservation and knowledge generation. The geographical designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Bioversity or the CGIAR concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Similarly, the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations. iii Citation Bioversity International, FAO, PROINPA, INIAF and IFAD. 2013. Descriptors for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and wild relatives. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy; Fundación PROINPA, La Paz, Bolivia; Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal, La Paz, Bolivia; International Fund for Agricultural Development, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. ISBN: 978-92-9043-948-6 Bioversity encourages the use of material from this publication for educational or other non- commercial purposes without prior permission from the copyright holder. Acknowledgement of Bioversity’s material is required. Bioversity International FAO Headquarters Regional Office for Latin America Via dei Tre Denari 472/a and the Caribbean 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Av. Dag Hammarskjold 3241 Rome, Italy Vitacura Santiago de Chile INIAF IFAD Calle Batallon Colorados Nº 24, Via Paolo di Dono, 44 Edif. El Cóndor Piso 12 00142 4793 Rome, Italy La Paz, Bolivia Fundación PROINPA Américo Vespucio N° 538 – 3° Piso Zona Sopocachi 1078 La Paz, Bolivia © Bioversity International and FAO 2013 iv Quinoa and wild relatives v CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 3 DEFINITIONS AND USE OF THE DESCRIPTORS 5 PASSPORT 7 1. Accession descriptors 7 2. Collecting descriptors 9 MANAGEMENT 15 3. Management descriptors 15 4. Multiplication/regeneration descriptors 16 ENVIRONMENT AND SITE 18 5. Characterization and/or evaluation site descriptors 18 6. Collecting and/or characterization/evaluation site environment descriptors 19 CHARACTERIZATION 27 7. Plant descriptors 27 EVALUATION 37 8. Plant descriptors 37 9. Abiotic stress susceptibility 38 10. Biotic stress susceptibility 39 11. Biochemical markers 40 12. Molecular markers 40 13. Cytological characters 41 14. Identified genes 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY 42 CONTRIBUTORS 44 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 46 ANNEX I: Collecting form for quinoa and wild relatives 47 vi Quinoa and wild relatives Preface 1 PREFACE The ‘Descriptors for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and wild relatives’ is a revision of the IBPGR (now Bioversity International) original publication, entitled “Descriptores de quinua”(AGP:IBPGR/81/104 ) and is based on the work of a Bolivian team of experts, who identified useful phenotipic traits through the characterization and evaluation of the wide genetic variability stored whithin the Bolivian quinoa germplasm collection. This work was coordinated by Wilfredo Rojas from PROINPA and was validated in 2003 at the Regional Workshop of a project managed by the International Plant Genetic Resource Institute (IPGRI) (now called Bioversity International): “Enhancing the contribution of neglected and underutilized species to food security, and to incomes of the rural poor“, sponsored by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in which partners from Ecuador (INIAP, UCODEP), Peru (CIRNMA, INIA-Puno, INIA-Cuzco, UNA, PIWANDES) and Bolivia (PROINPA, UMSA, UACT-UCB, CIFP) participated. A draft version prepared in the internationally accepted Bioversity format was subsequently sent to international experts for their comments and amendments. A full list of the names and addresses of those involved is given under “Contributors”. The updating process of the quinoa descriptors was financially supported by the FAO Proyecto de Semillas Andinas (GCP/RLA/183/SPA), carried out with Spanish Cooperation resources, and the FAO's Plant Production and Protection Division (AGP). Bioversity International encourages the collecting of data for all five types of descriptors (see Definitions and Use of the Descriptors). The number of descriptors selected in each category will depend on the crop and their importance to the crop’s description and utilization. Descriptors listed under Evaluation allow a more detailed description of the accession, but generally require repeated trials over a period of time. Although the suggested coding should not be regarded as the definitive scheme, this format represents an important tool for a standardized characterization system and is promoted by Bioversity throughout the world. This descriptor list provides an international format and thereby produces a universally understood ‘language’ for plant genetic resources data. The adoption of this scheme for data encoding, or at least the production of a transformation method to convert other schemes into the Bioversity format, will produce a rapid, reliable, and efficient means for information storage, retrieval and communication, and will assist with the use of germplasm.