TROPICAL RESOURCES THE BULLETIN OF THE YALE TROPICAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE 2013 – 2014 volumes 32 - 33 TROPICAL RESOURCES The Bulletin of the Yale Tropical Resources Institute Volumes 32-33, 2013-2014 In This Issue: ABOUT TRI iii Mission iv TRI News Updates vi Introduction to the Double Issue Dana Graef and Jeff Stoike, Outgoing Program Managers viii Map of TRI Research Sites Represented in This Issue 1 The More We Circle Back, The More We Circle Back — TRI At 30 William R. Burch, Jr., First Faculty Director of TRI I. COMMUNITIES & CONSUMPTION 11 Of Ants and Tigers: Indigenous Politics Regarding Oil Concessions in the Peruvian Amazon – The First Year of “PUINAMUDT” Lauren Baker, Ph.D. Candidate 17 Non-profit Perspectives on “Food Security with Sovereignty” in Cochabamba, Bolivia Erin Beasley, MEM 2014 24 Examining Participation and Power Between Local Actors in the Peruvian Andes: Andean Ecosystem Association and the Indigenous Communities of the Vilcanota Caitlin Doughty, MESc 2014 31 Middle-Class Environmental Subjecthood Around Waste in Chennai, India Ashwini Srinivasamohan, MESc 2014 II. CLIMATE & ENERGY 37 Negotiating Access: The Social Processes of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Cookstove Dissemination Intervention in Himachal Pradesh, India Yiting Wang, MESc 2014 43 The Local Socio-economic Impacts of Wind Power Development in Northeastern Brazil and the Potential for Conflict or Collaboration Between Developers and Communities Tom Owens, MEM 2014 50 Land-Use Planning for Climate Change?: Subnational Case Studies from Brazil and Indonesia Rauf Prasodjo, MEM 2014 Tropical Resources Bulletin i III. WATER & MARINE ISSUES 56 Failure and Potential: Rainwater Harvesting in a Rural, Mountainous Haitian Village Jessica Brooks, MESc 2014 63 Land Use Change and Ecosystem Service Sheds: Where Does Deforestation Impact Flood Mitigation in El Salvador? Beth Tellman, MESc 2014 72 Predicting the Effects of Different Land-Use Scenarios on Water Availability Using a Hydrological Model Ambika Khadka, MESc 2013 78 Integrating Tourism, Conservation, and Development: Perspectives from International and Domestic Tourists in Península Valdés (Patagonia), Argentina Stephanie Stefanski, MESc 2014 IV. CONSERVATION 87 Improving Conservation Monitoring by Designing Collaborative Research Programs: Lessons from a Camera-Trap Study in Northern Tanzania Kelly J. Stoner, MESc 2014 93 Forest Restoration in the Tropical Andes: Active Conservation in a Biodiversity Hotspot Matthew Bare, MF 2014 101 Elephant Ivory Trade in China: Comparing Different Perspectives Yufang Gao, MESc 2014 108 Forest Inventory and Quantification of Stored Carbon in the Bolivian Chaco Ellen Arnstein, MEM 2013 119 Announcing the 2014 TRI Fellows Please access the 2013-2014 Bulletin at environment.yale.edu/tri in order to view maps, graphs, photographs, and figures in color. ii Volumes 32-33, 2013-2014 Mission The Mission of the Tropical Resources Institute is to support interdisciplinary, problem- oriented research to understand and address the most complex challenges confronting the management of tropical resources worldwide. Lasting solutions will be achieved through the integration of social and economic needs with ecological realities, the strengthening of local institutions in collaborative relationships with international networks, the transfer of knowledge and skills between local, national, and international actors and the training and education of a cadre of future environmental leaders. The problems surrounding the management of tropical resources are rapidly increasing in complexity, while demands on those resources are expanding exponentially. Emerging structures of global environmental governance and local conflicts over land use and environmental conservation require new strategies and leaders who are able to function across a diversity of disciplines and sectors and at local and global scales. The Tropical Resources Institute seeks to train students to be leaders in this new era, leveraging resources, knowledge, and expertise among governments, scientists, NGOs, and communities to provide the information and tools this new generation will require to equitably address the challenges ahead. Tropical Resources Bulletin iii TRI News Updates Simon Queenborough named new TRI Musser Director Simon Queenborough replaced Michael R. Dove as Director of TRI in July 2014. Dr. Queenborough (BA (Hons), University of Cambridge; MSc, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh; PhD, University of Aberdeen, all UK), is Lecturer and Research Scientist in the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, and joins us from The Ohio State University where he was an Assistant Professor. Dr. Queenborough spent three years in an Ecuadorian hyper-diverse Amazonian rain forest documenting the flowering and fruiting ecology of 16 co-existing species of Neotropical Myristicaceae (nutmeg) trees. He then spent three years researching links between annual plant dynamics and the socio-economics of farming in the rather less diverse lowlands of the United Kingdom. He has held research positions at the University of Sheffield (UK), the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, UCSB, and The Ohio State University (USA). He has published 25 articles in international peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Queenborough’s most recent article is a meta-analysis of studies testing the Janzen-Connell hypothesis that specialist natural enemies, such as herbivores and pathogens, maintain diversity in plant communities by reducing survival rates of conspecific seeds and seedlings located close to reproductive adults or in areas of high conspecific density. Other widely-cited work includes his detailed studies of tree reproduction, seedling survival, and niche differentiation in the Myristicaceae tree family at his long-term field site, and investigating links between socio-economics and ecology. Dr. Queenborough's current research interests include understanding mechanisms of diversity, breeding system evolution and resource allocation in plants, and quantitative methods in population dynamics. He currently teaches a tropical field course, statistical analyses and graphics in the software R, and a graduate seminar in forest ecology. Simon Queenborough, Ph.D. Mrs. John (Elizabeth W.) Musser Director, Tropical Resources Institute Lecturer and Research Scientist Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies 301 Prospect Street New Haven, CT 06511 USA Email: [email protected] iv Volumes 32-33, 2013-2014 TRI Releases 30th Anniversary Special Issue TRI has released a digital Special Issue of Tropical Resources to commemorate our 30th Anniversary year (2013–2014). The Special Issue features a selection of nineteen articles that have been published in Tropical Resources and its predecessor, TRI News, over the past three decades. From the 1980s, the Special Issue features TRI News articles by Ramachandra Guha (1987), Mark Ashton (1988/89), Daniel Nepstad (1989), and Laura Snook (1989). From the 1990s, the Special Issue features TRI News articles by Eleanor Sterling & Betsy Carlson (1990), Erin Kellogg (1991), Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez (1993), Janet Sturgeon (1994), Maureen DeCoursey (1994), Hugh Raffles (1995), Anne Rademacher (1999), and Andrew Mathews (1999). Finally, from the 2000s, the Special Issue features Tropical Resources articles by Amity Doolittle (2003), Angela Quiros (2005), Dora Cudjoe (2005), Richard Chávez (2006), William Collier (2010), Hui Cheng (2010), and Stephen Wood (2011). The Special Issue opens with a retrospective article by TRI’s first faculty Director, William Burch, Jr. (also featured in this print edition of the Bulletin), which recounts the origins of TRI. The Special Issue is prefaced by a Foreword from TRI’s Outgoing Director, Michael R. Dove, which places the selected articles in historical context. It is available on our website at environment.yale.edu/tri. Tropical Resources Bulletin v Introduction to the Double Issue Dana Graef and Jeff Stoike Outgoing TRI Program Managers This double issue of Tropical Resources (Volumes 32–33), published during TRI’s 30th Anniversary year, features research articles by fifteen TRI Fellows who conducted fieldwork in 2012 and 2013. These articles draw from diverse disciplinary perspectives and are rooted in fieldwork that spans Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Yet underlying the articles in this issue are common interests and concerns: how do development and conservation initiatives influence both social and ecological communities in the tropics? In recognition of our 30th Anniversary, we open this issue with a retrospective article by TRI’s first faculty Director, William Burch Jr., “The More We Circle Back, The More We Circle Back — TRI At 30” (also featured in our digital 30th Anniversary Special Issue). As Professor Emeritus Burch describes, in the early years of TRI, groups of students traveled to Puerto Rico for field training. Yet over the years, TRI’s geographic scope has expanded. TRI has transitioned to a dispersed group of students who carry out fieldwork every year throughout the tropical world. In this issue alone, a dozen countries are represented, from Tanzania, India, and Indonesia to Bolivia, Argentina and Brazil. Following Professor Emeritus Burch’s article, we present fifteen research articles by TRI Fellows. These are divided into four sections: Communities & Consumption, Climate & Energy, Water & Marine Issues, and Conservation. Section I, Communities & Consumption, features research that engages with