Kenya by Isaac Rutenberg Lawyer/Senior Lecturer/Director Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law, Strathmore Law School, Strathmore University This monograph has been reviewed by the Author and is up-to-date as of November 2018 2019 Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) Kenya – 1 Published by: Kluwer Law International B.V. PO Box 316 2400 AH Alphen aan den Rijn The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Website: lrus.wolterskluwer.com Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by: Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory U.S. 7201 McKinney Circle Frederick, MD 21704 United States of America Email: [email protected] Sold and distributed in all other countries by: Air Business Subscriptions Rockwood House Haywards Heath West Sussex RH16 3DH United Kingdom Email: [email protected] The monograph Kenya is an integral part of Cyber Law in the International Encyclopaedia of Laws series. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN 978-90-411-2188-2 Cyber Law was first published in 2004. Rutenberg, Isaac. ‘Kenya’. In International Encyclopaedia of Laws: Cyber Law, edited by Jos Dumortier. Alphen aan den Rijn, NL: Kluwer Law International, 2019. This title is available on www.kluwerlawonline.com © 2019, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Permission to use this content must be obtained from the copyright owner. More information can be found at: lrus.wolterskluwer.com/policies/permissions-reprints-and-licensing Printed in the United Kingdom. 2 – Kenya Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) The Author Isaac Rutenberg is an academic and lawyer based in Nairobi, Kenya. He is currently the Director of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law (CIPIT) at the Strathmore Law School, Strathmore University, where he is also a senior lecturer. Isaac holds a JD (degree in law), a PhD in Chemistry, a bachelor of science in Chemistry, and a bachelor of science in Mathematics/Computer Science. He is admitted to practice law in the state of California, patent law in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and patent/trademark law in the Kenya Industrial Property Institute. He is a member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (Kenya branch) and the American Chemical Society. He previously served as a member of the Board of Directors at the Kenya Copyright Board. This edition is based on the 1st edition authored by Michael M. Murungi. Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) Kenya – 3 The Author 4 – Kenya Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) Table of Contents The Author 3 List of Abbreviations 17 List of Figures and Tables 23 General Introduction 25 Chapter 1. General Background of the Country 25 §1. GEOGRAPHY,DEMOGRAPHICS, AND GOVERNMENT 25 I. Elections and the Executive Branch of Government 27 II. Judicial Branch of Government 28 A. Superior Courts 29 B. Subordinate Courts and Tribunals 29 §2. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 29 §3. CONCLUSION 32 Chapter 2. Telecommunications Infrastructure 33 §1. THE ICT INDUSTRY 33 I. The Kenya Communications Act, 1998 33 II. Telecommunications Services 34 A. Fixed-Line Telephony 35 B. Internet 35 C. Mobile Telephony 36 §2. FIBRE OPTICS 47 I. International Network 47 A. The East African Marine System 47 B. The Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System (EASSy) 48 C. The South East Africa Communication 48 D. Lower Indian Ocean Network Submarine Cable 49 II. National Fibre Network 49 Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) Kenya – 5 Table of Contents Chapter 3. The ICT Market 55 Chapter 4. E-Commerce: Facts and Figures 57 Chapter 5. E-Government Initiatives 60 §1. GENERAL IINITIATIVES 60 §2. UNIVERSAL SERVICE 62 §3. CONCLUSION 62 Part I. Regulation of the ICT Market 65 Chapter 1. Regulatory Framework of the Telecommunications Sector 65 §1. THE POLICY FRAMEWORK 65 I. National Development Framework 65 II. Vision 2030 and ICT: Business Process OffSshoring 66 III. The Current National ICT Policy 66 A. Equity Ownership in Operators in the ICT Industry 68 B. Policy Objectives of the National ICT Policy 69 C. National Broadband Strategy 80 IV. National ICT Master Plan 82 V. National Cybersecurity Strategy 87 VI. Pending Policy and Legislation 88 A. The Second (Draft) National ICT Policy 88 B. The Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill 90 §2. ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 90 I. The Ministry of Information Communications and Technology 90 II. The National Communication Secretariat 93 III. The Communications Authority of Kenya 93 IV. The Communications and Multimedia Appeals Tribunal 96 V. ICT Authority 97 §3. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 98 I. Market Structure 100 II. General Provisions on Licences and Conditions 105 III. Telecommunications Services 120 IV. Radio Communications 126 A. Meaning of Radio Communications 126 B. Scope of Application 126 C. Radio Communications Licensing 126 D. Regulations on Radio Communications 127 6 – Kenya Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) Table of Contents E. Use of Interfering Equipment 128 V. Broadcasting Services 131 A. Broadcasting Prior to 2009 131 1. Ahmed Rashid Jibril v. East African Television Network Ltd 131 B. Broadcast Licensing after the Kenya Communications (Amendment) Act, 2008 133 1. Wezan Radio Group Ltd v. CA 134 VI. Broadcasting Regulation Provisions of the KIC Act 135 A. Functions of CA 136 B. Classification of Broadcasting Services 136 C. Licensing Authority 137 D. Fees 137 E. Restriction Against Cross-Media Ownership or Concentrations of Media Control 137 F. Equity Ownership and Control of a Broadcasting Entities 138 G. Projection of Kenya’s Culture and Identity 138 H. Licences for Foreign and Subscription Service Broadcasters 138 I. Broadcasting Content Standards 138 J. Complaints Procedure 140 K. Public Emergencies 140 L. Offences and Penalty 140 M. Transitional Provisions 140 VII. General Provisions of Licensing under the KIC Act 141 A. Public Broadcasting 142 B. Community Broadcasting 142 C. Private Broadcasting Services 144 D. Programme Code 144 E. Responsibilities of Broadcasters 145 F. Revocation of Licenses 145 G. Regulations on Broadcasting 146 H. Complaints Procedure 146 I. Signal Distribution Services 146 J. Broadcasting Content Advisory Council 147 K. Uptake and Monitoring of ULF Licensees 149 VIII. Digital Broadcasting and Digital Migration 151 A. Digital Broadcasting Standards 151 B. Signal Distribution 152 C. Broadcasting Content 152 D. Policy and Regulatory Issues in the Transition to Digital Broadcasting 153 E. Consumer Issues 153 §4. CONCLUSION 158 Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) Kenya – 7 Table of Contents Chapter 2. Regulation of Competition in the ICT Market 159 §1. INTRODUCTION 159 §2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 161 §3. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR FAIR COMPETITION 163 I. The Constitution 163 II. The KIC Act, 1998: Competition in Telecommunications 164 A. General Provisions 164 B. Telkom Kenya’s Legal Monopoly over Certain Services 168 C. Tariff Regulation 168 D. Interconnection 169 E. Interconnection of Fixed Telephone Networks 172 F. The Kencell Ltd and Telkom Kenya Interconnection Dispute 173 G. Interconnection Rates and Tariffs for Mobile Cellular Services 174 H. Impact of the Determination in the Telecommunications Sector 175 I. Tariffs for Voice Services 175 J. Subscriber Numbers and Growth 176 K. Premium Rate Services 178 L. Numbering 179 M. Number Portability 180 N. Geographic Numbers Assigned for Fixed Line Service 181 O. Non-geographic Numbers Assigned for Mobile Service 181 P. Quality of Service Standards (QoS) 182 Q. Spectrum Allocations 183 III. The Competition Act 184 A. Restrictive Trade Practices 185 B. Abuse of a Dominant Position 187 C. The Investigation into Prohibited Practices 188 D. Control of Unwarranted Concentration of Economic Power 188 E. Mergers 189 F. Price Controls 191 G. Sector Enquiries by the Competition Authority 191 §4. CURRENT COMPETITION AND STATISTICS IN THE SECTOR 192 §5. NET NEUTRALITY 193 §6. CONCLUSION 195 Chapter 3. Regulation of Cryptography 196 8 – Kenya Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) Table of Contents Chapter 4. Legal Status of Standardization 198 §1. BACKGROUND AND LEGAL AUTHORITY 198 I. End-User Computing Devices Standard, ICTA-2.001:2016 198 II. Systems & Applications Standard, ICTA-6.001:2016 198 III. Cloud Computing Standard, ICTA-2.001:2016 199 IV. Data Centre Standard, ICTA-2.001:2016 199 V. IT Governance Standard, ICTA. 5.001: 2016 199 VI. ICT Human Capital and Workforce Development Standard, ICTA.7.001:2016 200 VII. Information Security Standard, ICTA-3.001:2016 200 Part II. Protection of Intellectual Property in the ICT Sector 203 Introduction 203 Chapter 1. Application of Copyright in the Area of ICT 205 §1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COPYRIGHT 205 I. Works Eligible for Copyright Protection 205 II. Meaning of ‘Author’ 207 III. Nationality 207 IV. Role in the Creation of the Work 208 V. Duration of Copyright Protection 209 VI. Moral Rights 209 VII. Avoiding the Problem of Copyright in Perpetuity: Non-human Authors 210 VIII. Nature of Copyright in Literary, Musical, or Artistic Work 212 IX. Fair Use and Fair Dealing 212 X. Nature of Copyright in a Sound Recording 214 XI. Copyright in Broadcasts and Performances 215 A. Xpedia Management Ltd. & 4 Others v. The Attorney General & 5 Others 217 B. Mercy Munee Kingoo & Another. v. Safaricom Ltd. & Another 217 §2. ADMINISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT 218 I. The Kenya Copyright Board 218 II. Assignment and Licences 219 III. Authentication 220 IV. Copyright Inspectors 221 V. Works in the Public Domain 221 VI. Collective Administration of Copyright 221 VII. Competent Authority (Copyright Tribunal) 222 §3. INFRINGEMENT,RELIEF, AND DEFENCES 223 Cyber Law – Suppl. 68 (2019) Kenya – 9 Table of Contents I. Infringement 223 II. Relief 224 A. Anton Piller Orders 224 B. Other Remedies 225 III. Defences 226 A. General Principles of Criminal Liability 226 B. Extension of Application of the Act 227 C.