Wind Technology Historical Drive Trains Conversion Devices Configurations (HAWT, VAWT) Rotor Design Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW Paul Gipe & Assoc. Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 1941 ~700 hrs Gedser 24 m, 250 kW 1957-1967 © Risø National Laboratory Tvind 54 m, 2 MW 1978-Present Paul Gipe & Assoc. Growian 100 m, 3 MW, 1981 ~400 hrs Paul Gipe & Assoc. Large Turbine Manufacturers • Vestas (DK) • Nordex (DK) • Bonus-Siemans • Ecotecnia (ES) • NEG-Micon (DK) • DeWind (D) • Enercon (D) • Suzlon (India) • GE Wind (D-US) • Lagerwey (NL) • Gamesa (ES) • RePower (D) • Mitsubishi (JP) • Fuhrländer (D) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Bonus 63 m, 1.3 MW © Bonus Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Ecotecnia 1.6 MW Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Ecotecnia Direct-Drive Wind Turbines • Enercon (D) • Lagerwey (NL) • Jeumont-Industrie (F) © Enercon Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Lagerwey Direct-Drive © Lagerwey Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Jeumont-Industrie Direct Drive • Discoid French Nuclear Submarines • 50 Units Built J48 © Jeumont-Industrie Configuration: Axis of Rotation HAWT VAWT Paul Gipe & Assoc. Wind Energy Conversion Devices • Drag Devices HAWT (Seldom) VAWT (Often) First Choice of “Inventors” • Lift Devices HAWT (Dominant) VAWT (Rare) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWT Configurations Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Persian Panemone Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Savonius or “S” Rotors Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus 4 Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus 3 Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus 2 Blades DAF-Indal Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI Paul Gipe, wind-works.org DAF-Indal, Kortright Cente, Ontario VAWTs Darrieus 2 Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus Bi-Blade Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Giromill Articulating Straight Blade VAWT Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Giromill (McDonnell Aircraft) • High Hype • Complex • Costly • DOE Boondoggle Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Variable Geometry VAWT (Musgrove) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © PI Specialists We Know What Works . .and What Doesn’t Eole, Cap Chat © Vortec Paul Gipe, wind-works.org HAWT Configurations Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Blade Number • 1 Blade • 2 Blades • 3 Blades • Multiblade Farm Windmill • No Blades No, Really Paul Gipe, wind-works.org One-Blade Turbines • Lightweight • Only One Blade • Small Gearbox • High RPM • Noisy • Complex Rotor • Odd Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two Blades • Lighter than Three • Static Balance • Dynamic Imbalance in Yaw • Teetering Hub • Pitch-Coupled Teetering • Higher RPM than Three • Noisier than Three • Visual Imbalance Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two-Blade Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two-Blade Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two Blade Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Two-Blade Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Three Blades • Dynamic Balance in Yaw • Complicates Erection • Visually Balanced • Lower RPM • Bigger Gearbox • Can Use Simple Hub Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wood Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Composite Wood Blades Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Metal Blades • Aluminum • Steel Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Blade Shape • Taper • Twist • Glauert Formula Shark Fin Shape Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Blade Taper Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Blade Color • White • Gray • Black Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Ducted Turbines © Vortec Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Coning-Positive Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Coning-Negative ©Nordex Paul Gipe, wind-works.org RePower, Husum, Germany Orientation VAWTS Omnidirectional Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation of HAWTS Tracks Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Fan Tails Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Yaw Motors ©DeWind Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Passive Yaw-Tail Vanes Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Passive Yaw-Tail Vanes Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Orientation Passive-Downwind Paul Gipe, wind-works.org No Aerodynamic Rotor Controls • Mechanical Brakes Tacke • Flutter SWP Air • Electro-Dynamic SWP Skystream Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Overspeed Controls Furling-Vertical Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rotor Controls Furling-Horizontal Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rotor Controls Air Brakes Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Overspeed Controls Variable Pitch • Pitch-to-Feather Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Tip Brakes (Plates) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Overspeed Controls Pitching Blade Tips Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Overspeed Controls Spoilers Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils • Single Surface • Constant Planform • Tip Shape Single Surface • Tip Speed Ratio • Stall Control Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils Constant Planform Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils © Vestas Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Airfoils Blade Tips Paul Gipe, wind-works.org .