OHIO VALLEY HISTORY VALLEY OHIO Periodicals postage paid at Cincinnati, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. A Collaboration of The Filson Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, and the University of Cincinnati. VOLUME 13 • NUMBER 1 • SPRING 2013 VOLUME • NUMBER 13 1 • SPRING 2013 Ohio Valley History is a Submission Information for Contributors to OHIO VALLEY STAFF Steven M. Stowe Allison Kropp collaboration of The Filson Indiana University Gary Z. Lindgren Editors Nikki M. Taylor Dr. Mitchel Livingston Historical Society, Cincinnati A. Glenn Crothers University of Cincinnati Phillip C. Long Museum Center, and the Department of History Joe W. Trotter, Jr. John Pepper, Jr. Department of History, University University of Louisville Carnegie Mellon University Thomas H. Quinn of Cincinnati. Director of Research Joanna Reeder The Filson Historical Society CINCINNATI Edwin J. Rigaud Robert Gioielli MUSEUM CENTER J. Scott Robertson Cincinnati Museum Center and One paper copy of the manuscript should be sent by *Regarding general form and style, please follow the postal mail to: 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. For Department of History BOARD OF TRUSTEES Yvonne C. Robertson The Filson Historical Society University of Cincinnati Matthew Sheakley specific style guidelines, please visit The Filson’s web- are private non-profit organiza- Blue Ash College Chair Keith P. Spiller A. Glenn Crothers, Editor or Robert Gioielli, Editor site at: http://www.filsonhistorical.org/programs- Ohio Valley History Ohio Valley History and-publications/publications/ohio-valley-history/ Francie S. Hiltz Judith K. Stein, M.D. tions supported almost entirely Department of History Department of History submissions/submissions-guidelines.aspx. Managing Editors by gifts, grants, sponsorships, Anne Drackett Thomas University of Louisville University of Cincinnati Linda Bailey Past Chair Albert W. Vontz III admission, and membership fees. P.O. Box 210373 Blue Ash College The refereeing process for manuscripts is blind. Referees Cincinnati Museum Center Otto M. Budig, Jr. Kevin Ward Louisville, KY 40292-0001 9555 Plainfield Road, are members of our editorial board or other specialists in Jamie Evans Blue Ash, OH 45236 the academy most appropriate to each manuscript. We have The Filson Historical Society Vice Chairs FILSON HISTORICAL The Filson Historical Society no quotas of any kind with regard to authorship, topic, Cynthia Walker Kenny SOCIETY BOARD OF membership includes a subscrip- In addition, authors should submit their manuscripts chronological period, or methodology—the practitioners Editorial Assistant John M. Tew Jr., M.D. DIRECTORS electronically, saved in Microsoft WORD, via CD-ROM via their submissions determine what we publish. Authors tion to OVH. Higher-level Cincin- or email attachment (preferred) to crothers@filsonhistori- must guarantee in writing that the work is original, that it Alyssa McClanahan Mary Zalla nati Museum Center memberships cal.org or [email protected]. has not been previously published, and that it is not under University of Cincinnati Rev. Damon Lynch, Jr. President *Preferred manuscript length is 20 to 25 pages (6,000 consideration for publication elsewhere in any form. also include an OVH subscription. John Q. Baumann J. McCauley Brown to 7,500 words), exclusive of endnotes. Accepted manuscripts undergo a reasonable yet rigorous Editorial Board Hon. Jeffrey P. Hopkins Back issues are $8.00. *Please use Times New Roman, 12-point font. editing process. We will read the manuscript closely as to Stephen Aron First Vice President *Double-space text and notes, with notes placed at the style, grammar, and argument. The edited manuscript will be University of California at General Counsel Holly H. Gathright end of the manuscript text. submitted to the author for consideration before publication. For more information on Los Angeles George H. Vincent *Include author’s name, institutional affiliation, The Filson Historical Society (FHS), Cincinnati Joan E. Cashin Second Vice President Cincinnati Museum Center, and contact information (postal address, phone Museum Center (CMC), and the University of Cincinnati number, and email address) on separate cover (UC) hold jointly the copyright for all material published Ohio State University Treasurer John P. Stern including membership, visit page. Only the article title should appear on the in Ohio Valley History. After a work is published in the Ellen T. Eslinger Steven C. Steinman www.cincymuseum.org or call first page of the article. journal, FHS/CMC/UC will grant the author, upon writ- DePaul University Secretary 513-287-7000 or 1-800-733-2077. *Illustrations, tables, and maps that significantly ten request, permission to republish the work, without fee, Nichole Etcheson Secretary A. Stewart Lussky enhance the article are welcome. subject to the author giving proper credit of prior publica- Ball State University Edward D. Diller *Authors who submit images should also provide tion to Ohio Valley History. Each author will receive five free Craig T. Friend Treasurer For more information on citations, captions, credits, and suggestions for copies of the journal in which the published article appears. placement of images. North Carolina State President and CEO J. Walker Stites, III The Filson Historical Society, University Douglass W. McDonald including membership, visit R. Douglas Hurt Anne Arensberg Purdue University Vice President David L. Armstrong www.filsonhistorical.org James C. Klotter of Museums William C. Ballard, Jr. or call 502-635-5083. Georgetown College Tonya M. Matthews George S. Brooks, II Clarence Lang Kenneth H. Clay University of Kansas Trustees W. Wayne Hancock Bruce Levine Phillip Castellini Robert E. Kulp, JR. University of Illinois Martine’ R. Dunn Patrick R. Northam David A. Nichols James C. Ellerhorst Robert N. Shaw Indiana State University Susan B. Esler H. Powell Starks Stacey M. Robertson David E. Foxx William M. Street Bradley University Robert Fregolle Carl M. Thomas John David Smith David L. Hausrath Orme Wilson, III University of North Carolina, Carrie K. Hayden Charlotte Jeffrey P. Hinebaugh Director Mark V. Wetherington Ohio Valley History (ISSN 1544-4058) is published quarterly in Cincin- Contact the editorial offices at [email protected] or nati, Ohio, and Louisville, Kentucky, by Cincinnati Museum Center [email protected]. and The Filson Historical Society. Periodical postage paid at Cincinnati, OH, with an additional entry at Louisville, KY. Page composition: Michael Adkins, Ertel Publishing Postmaster, send address changes to Filson Historical Society, © Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society 2013 1310 S. Third St., Louisville, KY 40208. Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2013 A Journal of the History and Culture of the Ohio Valley and the Upper South, published in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Kentucky, by Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society. Contents 3 The Carolina Parakeet Vanishes Extinction of the Ohio Valley’s Only Parrot Stanley E. Hedeen 22 Acting to Shape Their Own Lives African Americans in Civilian Conservation Corps Junior Company 1520-C, Southern Ohio, 1933-1935 William W. Giffin 41 Ahead of their Time Anne Tracy and the Senior Women of the Cincinnati Union Terminal USO Lounge C. Walker Gollar 60 Collection Essay The USO at the Ninth Street YMCA The Turpeau Photograph Collection at Cincinnati Museum Center Linda Bailey 67 Collection Essay Nicola Marschall, Artist and Soldier James J. Holmberg 77 Book Reviews 95 Announcements on the cover: “Carolina Parrot or Parrakeet,” John James Audubon, The Birds of America: From Drawings Made in the United States and Their Territories, 8 vols. (New York: George R. Lockwood, 1839). CINCINNATI MUSEUM CENTER Contributors Stanley E. Hedeen is an emeritus professor of biology at Xavier University, and the author of four books and editor of another. His publications include The Mill Creek: An Unnatural History of an Urban Stream (1994), Natural History of the Cincinnati Region (2006), and Big Bone Lick: The Cradle of American Paleontology (2008). William W. Giffin is a professor of history at Indiana State University. He is the author of several academic articles and two books, African Americans and the Color Line in Ohio, 1915-1930 (2005), and The Irish (2006). C. Walker Gollar is associate professor of church history at Xavier University. He earned a Ph.D. in historical theology from the University of St. Michael’s College at the University of Toronto in 1995. He has taught at Xavier for twenty years, twice receiving the university’s Bishop Fenwick Teacher of the Year Award. 2 OHIO VALLEY HISTORY The Carolina Parakeet Vanishes Extinction of the Ohio Valley’s Only Parrot Stanley E. Hedeen mall, colorful parrots once brought year-round gaiety to Ohio Valley for- ests. Called the Carolina parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis), the bird in 1800 ranged from New York south to the Florida Everglades and west to SColorado and Texas. The parakeet subsequently disappeared from the Ohio Valley in the nineteenth century and vanished from all remaining parts of its range dur- ing the twentieth century. The parakeet’s biology contributed to its vulnerability, but human activities caused the jaunty bird to depart from the Ohio Valley.1 Carolina parakeet specimen killed in Ballard County, Kentucky, in 1878. THE FILSON HISTORICAL SOCIETY SPRING 2013 3 THE CAROLINA PARAKEET VANISHES The bright coloration and uniqueness of the parakeet frequently