UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA ŠPORT ORIS RAZVOJA DVIGANJA UTEŽI Gregor Zomer Ljubljana, 2016 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA ŠPORT Športno treniranje Fitnes ORIS RAZVOJA DVIGANJA UTEŽI DIPLOMSKO DELO MENTOR doc. dr. Tomaž Pavlin Avtor dela RECENZENT GREGOR ZOMER doc. dr. Matej Majerič KONZULTANT prof. dr. Frane Erčulj Ljubljana, 2016 ZAHVALA Zahvaljujem se mentorju doc. dr. Tomažu Pavlinu, ker me je vzel pod svoje okrilje in za vso pomoč pri nastajanju diplomskega dela. Zahvaljujem se tudi svoji izbranki Andreji, ki mi je med študijem in pisanjem diplomskega dela nudila pomoč ter podporo. Posebna zahvala gre moji mami Bojani ter očetu Miranu, ki sta mi študij omogočila in v času njegovega trajanja nikoli nista podvomila vame. Hvaležen pa sem tudi vsem ostalim članom moje družine, saj brez njih danes gotovo ne bi bil tukaj, kjer sem. Ključne besede: zgodovina, šport, uteži, dviganje, moč ORIS RAZVOJA DVIGANJA UTEŽI Gregor Zomer Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za šport, 2016 Športno treniranje, Fitnes IZVLEČEK Že iz zametkov prvih civilizacij je moč razbrati dokaze o tem, da so ljudje s surovo močjo premagovali različna bremena, v modernem jeziku – dvigali uteži. V grški mitologiji najdemo obilico primerov razkazovanja moči mnogih herojev, od povsem bajeslovnih, kot je Herkul, do precej bolj otipljivih zmagovalcev prvih atletskih tekmovanj, del katerih so bili tudi dvigi. Kljub priljubljenosti dviganja bremen pa ta panoga ni bila vključena v program antičnih olimpijskih iger. Tako so moral prvaki, kot je bil Milon iz Krotona, šestkratni olimpijski prvak v rokoborbi, svojo izredno moč preizkušati na manjših, zgodovinsko manj odmevnih tekmovanjih. V Evropi vse od srednjega veka dalje dviganje uteži ni bilo le zabava ob ljudskih slavjih, temveč so ta šport gojili tudi na dvorih. Z renesanso se obudi grško-rimski duh, ki fizično moč in čilost telesa postavi na višjo raven človekovih vrednot. Z dviganjem uteži so se v 17. in 18. stoletju ukvarjali močni posamezniki, ki so kot poklicni dvigalci nastopali v cirkusih in drugih uličnih predstavah. Konec 19. stoletja prinese prva organizirana društva in tekmovanja na področju dviganja uteži, v prihodnjih sto letih pa se ta panoga razvije v šport olimpijskega dviganja uteži. Poleg tega pa lahko v kategorijo športov, katerih bistvo je premagovanje težjega bremena od nasprotnikov, štejemo še triatlon moči in njegovo bolj razgibano izvedbo, tekmovanja »strongmanov«. Delo temelji na deskriptivni metodi, katere podlaga je predvsem tuja literatura. Cilj diplomskega dela je predstaviti zgodovino razvoja dviganja uteži, od prvih preizkusov moškosti do moderne športne discipline. Keywords: history, sport, weights, lifiting, strength THE HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF WEIGHTLIFINTG Gregor Zomer University of Ljubljana, Faculty of sport, 2016 Sports training, Fitness ABSTRACT The origins of the earliest civilizations hold proof of man using his raw strength to move and lift different kinds of heavy objects, in the language of our modern times – lifting weights. Greek mythology is full of examples which portray mighty heroes displaying their strength, be it godly figures like Hercules or common folk champions of local and national athletics events, one of which was weightlifting. Despite its popularity, weightlifting never made it into the competition schedule of the Ancient Olympic Games, leaving athletes like Milo of Crotona, the six times Olympic wrestling champion, little choice but to prove their best in lifting various weights in smaller, local athletic events. Lifting weights in the middle ages of feudal Europe is represented in practically every sphere of society, from the courts that held stone throwing competitions of the aristocrats, to the common folk’s celebrations which witnessed competitions in lifting bags of hay or wheat. With the renaissance movement gaining momentum, the Greco-Roman ideology is revived. Physical strength and overall health regain a higher place in the hierarchy of everyday values, once again allowing weightlifting to prove its benefits in the fields of medicine and pedagogy. In the 17th and 18th century mighty individuals began to roam from city to city challenging their counterparts in feats of strength and preforming in circuses and street shows. The end of the 19th century marks the start of a new era in competitive weightlifting. The first national unions are formed, and it's not long before their appetites for global cohesion start producing standardized competition formats and an international federation of weightlifters. The sport of Olympic weightlifting is the flagship of all strength related sports, with powerlifting and its more diverse strongman competitions coming in at a close second. This diploma thesis relies on a descriptive method, based on primarily foreign literature. The goal is to present the historical evolution of weightlifting, from its earliest forms as tests of manhood to the modern sport as we know it today. Kazalo 1 Uvod ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Metode dela ............................................................................................................................ 3 3 Razprava .................................................................................................................................. 4 3.1 Daljni in bližnji vzhod ........................................................................................................ 4 3.1.1 Kitajska ...................................................................................................................... 4 3.1.2 Indija.......................................................................................................................... 5 3.1.3 Mezopotamija ........................................................................................................... 5 3.1.4 Egipt .......................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.5 Hebreja ...................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Grčija ................................................................................................................................ 7 3.2.1 Ahajci ......................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Pentatlon ................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.3 Silaki ........................................................................................................................ 10 3.2.4 Milon iz Krotona ...................................................................................................... 11 3.3 Rim .................................................................................................................................. 12 3.3.1 Alterobolia .............................................................................................................. 13 3.4 Škotska ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.5 Dviganje uteži od srednjega veka do 18. stoletja .......................................................... 14 3.5.1 »Caber« in »steinstossen« ...................................................................................... 16 3.5.2 Renesansa ............................................................................................................... 18 3.5.3 Umetnost gimnastike v Antiki − »De arte gymnastica aput ancientes« ................. 20 3.6 Dviganje uteži v 19. stoletju ........................................................................................... 22 3.6.1 Drog, dynameometron in indijski kiji ...................................................................... 23 3.6.2 Eugene Sandow ....................................................................................................... 25 3.6.3 Desbonnet in Triat .................................................................................................. 25 3.6.4 Avstrija in Nemčija .................................................................................................. 26 3.6.5 Markiz Luigi Monticelli − Obizzi .............................................................................. 28 3.6.6 Atene 1896 .............................................................................................................. 29 3.6.7 IWF .......................................................................................................................... 31 3.7 Dviganje uteži v današnjem času ................................................................................... 32 3.7.1 Olimpijsko dviganje uteži ........................................................................................ 32 3.7.2 Triatlon moči ........................................................................................................... 37 3.7.3 Bodybuilding ........................................................................................................... 40 4 Sklep....................................................................................................................................... 42 5 Viri .........................................................................................................................................