Christine Schirrmacher Islam and Democracy The WEA Global Issues Series Editors: Bishop Efraim Tendero, Philippines Secretary General, World Evangelical Alliance Thomas Schirrmacher Director, International Institute for Religious Freedom, Associate Secretary General for Theological Concerns, World Evangelical Alliance Volumes: 1. Thomas K. Johnson – Human Rights 2. Christine Schirrmacher – The Islamic View of Major Christian Teachings 3. Thomas Schirrmacher – May a Christian Go to Court? 4. Christine Schirrmacher – Islam and Society 5. Thomas Schirrmacher – The Persecution of Christians Concerns Us All 6. Christine Schirrmacher – Islam – An Introduction 7. Thomas K. Johnson – What Difference does the Trinity Make 8. Thomas Schirrmacher – Racism 9. Christof Sauer (ed.) – Bad Urach Statement 10. Christine Schirrmacher – The Sharia: Law and Order in Islam 11. Ken Gnanakan – Responsible Stewardship of God’s Creation 12. Thomas Schirrmacher – Human Trafficking 13. Thomas Schirrmacher – Ethics of Leadership 14. Thomas Schirrmacher – Fundamentalism 15. Thomas Schirrmacher – Human Rights – Promise and Reality 16. Christine Schirrmacher – Political Islam – When Faith Turns Out to Be Politics 17. Thomas Schirrmacher, Thomas K. Johnson – Creation Care and Loving our Neighbors: Studies in Environmental Ethics 18. Thomas K. Johnson (Ed.) – Global Declarations on Freedom of Religion or Belief and Human Rights 19. Thomas Schirrmacher, David Schirrmacher – Corruption 20. Christine Schirrmacher, Thomas Schirrmacher – The Oppression of Women: Violence – Exploitation – Poverty 21. Christine Schirrmacher – Islam and Democracy “The WEA Global Issues Series is designed to provide thoughtful, practical, and biblical insights from an Evangelical Christian perspective into some of the greatest challenges we face in the world. I trust you will find this volume enriching and helpful in your life and Kingdom service.” Christine Schirrmacher Islam and Democracy: Can They Be Reconciled? Translated by Richard McClary Edited with a foreword by Thomas K. Johnson Assisted by Ruth Baldwin Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft Culture and Science Publ. Dr. Thomas Schirrmacher Bonn 2020 World Evangelical Alliance Church Street Station, P.O. Box 3402 New York, NY 10008-3402 U.S.A. Phone +[1] 212-233-3046 Fax +[1] 646-957-9218 www.worldevangelicals.org / [email protected] While this volume does not represent an “official” position of the World Evangelical Alliance we are distributing it to promote further serious study and reflection. International Institute for Religious Freedom of the World Evangelical Alliance www.iirf.eu / [email protected] Friedrichstr. 38 PO Box 1336 32, Ebenezer Place Setor Bancário Sul, 2nd Floor Sun Valley 7985 Dehiwela QD 02, LT 15, 53111 Bonn Cape Town (Colombo) BL E, Room 601 Germany South Africa Sri Lanka Brasilia, Brazil © Copyright 2020 by Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft Prof. Schirrmacher UG (haftungsbeschränkt) Amtsgericht Bonn HRB 20699 / Börsenverein 97356 Geschäftsführer: Prof. Dr. theol. Dr. phil. Thomas Schirrmacher Friedrichstraße 38, 53111 Bonn, Germany Fax +49 / 228 / 9650389 www.vkwonline.com / [email protected] ISBN 978-3-86269-193-7 / ISSN 1867-7320 Cover: Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei, Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Iranian Presidential Elections, 2017. Author: unknown. Wikimedia (CC BY 4.0) Printed in Germany Cover design: HCB Verlagsservice Beese, Friedensallee 76, 22765 Hamburg, Germany Production: CPI Books / Buch Bücher.de GmbH, 96158 Birkach www.cpi-print.de / [email protected] Publisher’s Distribution: www.vkwonline.com Individual sales: via Amazon or http://wipfandstock.com The WEA Global Issues Series is sponsored by: Gebende Hände gGmbH / Giving Hands International Baumschulallee 3a • 53115 Bonn, Germany • www.giving-hands.de Martin Bucer Seminary European Theological School and Research Institutes Bonn – Delhi – Helsinki – Istanbul –Prague – São Paulo – Tirana – Zurich www.bucer.org Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................. 7 Introduction......................................................................................................... 9 I. Essential characteristics of a real democracy ......................................... 11 A. Do democracies have Christian roots?............................................... 12 B. Would democracy be better served with a “Christian state?” ....... 14 II. Democracy and Islam: irreconcilable? ..................................................... 19 A. The Arab Revolution: a pathway to democracy?.............................. 21 Causes of the revolution: a lack of civil liberties and a lack of future prospects .................................................................................... 22 Adverse economic developments ....................................................... 23 Corruption and oppression ................................................................. 23 B. Why were Islamists voted into office? ............................................... 25 C. Are democracies emerging in the Middle East? ............................... 27 D. Points of conflict between Islamic legal systems and democracy . 28 Human rights and civil liberties ......................................................... 30 Islamic human rights declarations ..................................................... 32 Women’s rights ..................................................................................... 36 The relationship with peace and violence ........................................ 38 Religious freedom ................................................................................. 40 Consequences of apostasy from Islam ............................................... 41 Reasons for rejecting religious conversion ....................................... 42 Dealing with apostates ......................................................................... 43 Apostasy in the twentieth century ..................................................... 44 The position of non-Muslims in countries characterized by Islam ....................................................................................................... 46 Sharia law and minorities .................................................................... 48 The current situation minorities face in societies characterized by Islam .................................................................................................. 50 E. Why are human rights improvements so difficult to achieve? ...... 51 F. Preconditions for the development of “Islamic democracies” ...... 53 6 Islam and Democracy III. Current positions of Muslim intellectuals regarding democracy ........ 55 A. Voices rejecting democracy ................................................................ 55 Abu l-A’la Maududi ............................................................................... 55 Sayyid Qutb ............................................................................................ 58 B. A partial approval of democracy ........................................................ 58 Yusuf al-Qaradawi ................................................................................. 59 Murad Hofmann .................................................................................... 61 C. Affirming democracy ........................................................................... 62 Mahmud Muhammad Taha ................................................................. 63 Mohammad Shabestari ........................................................................ 63 Mohsen Kadivar .................................................................................... 64 Abdolkarim Soroush ............................................................................. 66 IV. What are the future prospects for democracy in countries characterized by Islam? ............................................................................. 69 Literature ........................................................................................................... 71 Foreword Sometimes a question we have long considered suddenly becomes urgent. During the week when I first read Prof. Schirrmacher’s essay on Islam and democracy, the news reports in Europe were filled with stories, many with horrible endings, of refugees fleeing from Iraq and Syria, hoping to find safety and a future within Europe. Another stream of refugees is flowing from South Yemen. Most are fleeing the brutal civil wars in their home- lands, wars that are killing people by the hundreds of thousands while also devastating their homes, businesses, agriculture, and schools. Despair must fill their minds after witnessing death and destruction, leading them to take terrible risks to cross the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, often at the hands of human traffickers on boats prone to sink or capsize. The pic- tures of their corpses floating on the waves should be only a matter of nightmares, not the reality it is. I am reminded of the sage words of Thomas Hobbes, that the condition of humanity in the state of the war of all against all is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”1 Most of the war refugees are coming from the lands we usually describe as “Muslim majority” countries. This way of speaking has the advantage of reminding us that there are religious minorities in almost every country on earth, and some such minorities are large. And one must never forget that Islam itself