North Wind: A Journal of George MacDonald Studies Volume 39 Article 6 1-1-2020 A Personal Reflection on Colin Manlove and Stephen Prickett John Pennington Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.snc.edu/northwind Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Pennington, John (2020) "A Personal Reflection on Colin Manlove and Stephen Prickett," North Wind: A Journal of George MacDonald Studies: Vol. 39 , Article 6. Available at: https://digitalcommons.snc.edu/northwind/vol39/iss1/6 This In Memoriam is brought to you for free and open access by the English at Digital Commons @ St. Norbert College. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Wind: A Journal of George MacDonald Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ St. Norbert College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Personal Reflection on Colin Manlove and Stephen Prickett John Pennington At the end of George MacDonald’s At the Back of the North Wind, the narrator enters Diamond’s bedroom and sees the young boy seemingly asleep on his bed. The narrator states: “I saw at once how it was . I knew that he had gone to the back of the north wind” (298). With utter certitude, I’m sure that Colin and Stephen are also at the back of the north wind. My career as an academic in literature is indebted to Colin and Stephen, for they paved the way for serious academic study of George MacDonald, hardly a household name outside of the devoted readers of fantasy, fairy tales, and theology when I started my PhD program in the mid- 1980’s. My introduction to MacDonald came a bit earlier: I met MacDonald in 1977, five years before the publication ofNorth Wind: A Journal of George MacDonald Studies, a journal I have been editing since 2006. Let me tell you my story about how Colin and Stephen are central to my academic career. I began my undergraduate education at St. Norbert College, a small Catholic liberal arts college in De Pere, Wisconsin, in 1976. While I was an undeclared major, I knew that I wanted to take literature classes. And that’s how I met Professors Robert Boyer and Kenneth Zahorski—and George MacDonald. Boyer and Zahorski were early proponents of teaching college- level fantasy and science fiction classes, mirroring what Eric Rabkin was doing at the University of Michigan. Boyer and Zahorski quickly discovered that there was scant material (outside novels) available for a class devoted to science fiction and, in particular, fantasy—that is, there were no anthologies of short works of fantasy. In my second year in college, I became the English department assistant, which primarily meant that I would type up book orders to send over to the library . and to photocopy lots of stories that Boyer and Zahorski were considering for their anthologies. I was asked to copyedit— multiple times, I might add—their manuscript that became The Fantastic Imagination: An Anthology of High Fantasy (1977), and here is where I first encountered George MacDonald and “The Light Princess.” I then helped with The Fantastic Imagination II (1978), where MacDonald’s “The Golden North Wind 39 (2020): 154-160 155 | Pennington Key” appeared. Then came Visions of Wonder: An Anthology of Christian Fantasy (1981) that contained “The Castle: A Parable.” I also assisted in Fantasy Literature: An Historical Survey and Critical Guide to the Best of Fantasy, a reference work edited by Boyer, Zahorski and Marshall B. Tymn. In this reference work MacDonald has 6 entries: Phantastes, At the Back of the North Wind, The Princess and the Goblin, The Princess and Curdie, Lilith, and The Gifts of the Child Christ (a collection of MacDonald’s shorter fairy tales). As an undergraduate, then, I was on at least familiar terms with MacDonald. When I went to graduate school at Purdue University, I eventually focused my study on Victorian literature, taking the expected classes that focused on the great novelists, such as the Brontë’s, Thackeray, Dickens, Trollope, Eliot, Gissing, Hardy and the poets Tennyson, Browning (both Robert and Elizabeth Barrett), Arnold, the “Fleshly School” poets, and others. There comes a time in graduate school when you need to declare a topic for a dissertation. Dickens seemed an obvious choice, though Hardy was also high on my list. But I got disillusioned when I realized how much had been written on these two writers. What could a first-generation college student, now in graduate school, contribute to the illustrious history of scholarship on Dickens or Hardy? So, I rethought my plans. And suddenly I remembered George MacDonald from my undergraduate days. Doing a dissertation on MacDonald in 1985 seemed like a plan. Here is where Colin and Stephen come in. My dissertation committee was not excited about MacDonald; in fact, only one member had read MacDonald and didn’t find him that impressive. Ironically, I discovered that Rolland Hein had done a dissertation on MacDonald at Purdue in 1970 entitled “Faith and Fiction: A Study of the Effects of Religious Convictions in the Adult Fantasies and Novels of George MacDonald,” the dissertation becoming the basis of The Harmony Within: The Spiritual Vision of George MacDonald (1982). Of course, no one on my committee had heard of Hein’s dissertation and professed that times had changed: dissertations needed to be on canonical writers, not on overtly minor writers. It also didn’t help that one member liked C. S. Lewis and reminded me that Lewis, who admired MacDonald, also called him a second-rate novelist! I was charged to write a proposal to the committee to justify the ways of MacDonald to them. Yes, it seemed somewhat of a Miltonic task. And here is where I first encountered Colin’s and Stephen’s work; in fact, it was these Reflection on Manlove and Prickett | 156 two critics who convinced my dissertation committee that it’s permissible to view MacDonald as an important writer. Robert Lee Wolff in The Golden Key (1961) was one of the first critics to examine MacDonald; his focus, a Freudian one, continues to be important to MacDonald scholarship, though psychoanalytical approaches to literature wax and wane with the critical moon. Yes, that’s a nod to a MacDonald fairy tale too. Stephen’s Romanticism and Religion: The Tradition of Coleridge and Wordsworth in the Victorian Church (1976) had an entire chapter comparing and contrasting Matthew Arnold and MacDonald. In the chapter “Demythologising and Myth-Making: Arnold versus MacDonald,” Stephen argued for the importance of MacDonald in the literary and theological debates of the Victorian age. In a footnote Stephen writes: What makes George MacDonald such an interesting comparison for our purposes is that he is hailed not merely by the twentieth century but also by his own contemporaries as the prime creator of the very genre which Matthew Arnold felt could not longer be seriously entertained by an educated man, fairy stories; in particular, fairy stories of a specifically religious bias. (213-14) This claim, in fact, helped cement MacDonald as a central figure of the Victorian age—if Arnold is considered such an important poet and critic, then we need to view MacDonald in a similar light since he provides the contrary to Arnold’s argument for the demythologizing of literature. Then came Victorian Fantasy (1979; revised second edition 2005) which further heightened MacDonald’s reputation by arguing for the importance of the fantasy genre in the nineteenth century. As Stephen writes in the Introduction: Against the mainstream of realistic fiction there developed a much stranger undercurrent that included works by Thomas Hood, Charles Dickens, Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll, Charles Kingsley, George MacDonald, Nesbit, and Kipling. In place of limitation and exclusion, each in his or her own way was in search of a wider vision, seeking the complexity and ambiguity that reflected their own experiences, even at the expense of form. (3) It certainly helped that in the same year as Victorian Fantasy, Harry Stone published Dickens and the Invisible World: Fairy Tales, Fantasy, and Novel Making. Colin played an equally important role. In Modern Fantasy: Five Studies (1975) Colin set out to define the genre of modern fantasy; he states in the Preface to the paperback edition that he was “glad to note that this 157 | Pennington [the lack of scholarship on fantasy] is no longer the only critical book on modern fantasy, and two studies, by E. S. Rabkin and W. R. Irwin, appeared in America during 1976” (viii). Colin provides an early scholarly definition of fantasy, one that continues to be central today: “A fiction evoking wonder and containing a substantial and irreducible element of supernatural or impossible worlds, beings or objects with which the mortal characters in the story or the readers become on at least partly familiar terms” (1). The five writers included in the work are Charles Kingsley, George MacDonald, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Mervyn Peake. In chapter two, on MacDonald, Colin focuses on MacDonald’s Christian, mystic bent and carefully analyzes the importance of the Novalis epigraph that begins Phantastes that suggests fantasy is where “chaos, imagination and mystical meanings reign supreme” (66). Colin then examines MacDonald’s “The Fantastic Imagination” to argue that MacDonald was torn between Novalis’ argument of freedom and chaos and the belief that there needs to be clear meaning: “To sum up: the nearer MacDonald gets to his mystic and unconscious ideal the more strongly he is pulled back by his conscious mind” (71). The rest of the chapter explores this tension in MacDonald, often at the expense of MacDonald’s abilities as a writer.