Construction Top-Value Twin Three steps to an intelligent digital building model Introduction The construction industry has been booming for years. Currently, it accounts for 9 percent of the European Union’s GDP. However, the industry has a lot of room for improvement, because compared to other sectors such as the manufacturing industry, it is inefficient and not very productive. Although the construction industry currently has excellent prospects, a shortage of resources and partners means it can no longer adequately handle or complete many projects. Changes are required. Existing organizational structures, processes, and business models should be critically examined and modified where necessary. Above all, the industry needs a digital transformation. According to the annual digitalization index1 , the construction industry lags substantially behind other sectors in putting digital solutions into practice. BIM—short for Building Information Modeling—is the mag- disciplinary coordination of the energy management system. ic formula. What does it mean? The abbreviation stands for a Virtual components act and react like real ones—and deliver collaborative method of planning, implementing, and manag- precise results to the developers. One outcome: there is no lon- ing construction projects with the help of software solutions. ger any need for construction-stage vehicles in developing the Relevant project data are digitally modeled, registered, and Sport Turismo variant of the Panamera. compiled. The aim is an object-based planning with a 3-D data model that is uploaded to a central platform. This has the ad- The use of BIM in the construction industry can cut costs by vantage of eliminating time-consuming traditional means of 10 percent. But that is not all. Project times can be cut by up to comparing different planning stages, compiling these plans 7 percent2, because planning can be shifted to a stage of the manually, and engaging in error-prone communication pro- project in which cost and time drivers can still be influenced. cesses. Another advantage consists of improving processes This shift also eliminates the strict distinction between plan- thanks to clash analyses, which automatically and immediately ning and construction. Moreover, this new type of collaboration identify discrepancies among different project drafts. BIM is creates a stronger project culture, which is reflected in the re- especially beneficial to decentralized project teams. quirements for planning tools and collaboration processes. BIM is therefore a good method for generating production-oriented BIM generates a data model on the component level—a digi- plans as well as actually completing construction products. tal twin of the building that will later be constructed of bricks, Best of all, the information and data can be used after the de- steel, and glass. The model is successively enriched with rel- sign phase as well. Figure 1 shows the driving factors for intro- evant data, and grows piece by piece. This method yields an ducing BIM. enormous increase in efficiency. Other sectors also use digital twins as copies of physical assets for purposes of simulation, control, and optimization. In the automotive industry, for exam- ple, the method opens entirely new horizons for vehicle devel- opers. A car model’s body, drivetrain, suspension system, and electronics are designed digitally and the functions are simu- lated. This acts as a virtual safeguard for the properties of the finished vehicle. One example is the development of the first all-electric Porsche, which uses a method that enables trans- 1 https://www.digitalisierungsindex.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Telekom_Digitalisierungsindex_2018_BAUGEWERBE.pdf (only available in German) 2 Azhar, S.]. (2011) Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC Industry, Leadership and Management in Engineering, 11(3), 241-252 Top-Value Twin 02 Pressure from public sector, Cost savings and monitoring clients and competitors Risk reduction due to result monitoring Required for all public-sector projects and cost-overrun calculations 06 01 in Germany. Also becoming more important for the private sector. Time savings Project team communications Simulations positively influence 05 02 Precise planning and collision de- processes/materials Driving tection for construction processes factors for BIM projects Life-cycle value for clients Prefabrication 04 03 Provision of environmental, energy, cost, Detailed and informative models scheduling, and spatial analyses enable flawless prefabrication © Porsche Consulting Figure 1. Driving factors for BIM projects 01 Pressure from the public sector, clients, and competitors 04 Life-cycle value for clients With BIM required for public-sector contracts, companies in BIM provides detailed information on how a building is oper- that field will need to familiarize themselves with it. Some pri- ated. Around 20 percent of the data generated in the planning vate-sector clients now also include it in their calls for tenders. stage are later relevant for operations3. CAFM4 systems can Whether the contract is public or private, if this data model is take over the BIM data they need. In addition, data analyses stipulated it will ensure availability of the correct data at early can be improved such that any calculation or planning errors stages of the project. Advantages for clients include early and can be documented and the results used productively for solid decisional foundations and the opportunity to provide subsequent projects. subcontractors with detailed and accurate job specifications. 05 Time savings 02 Project team communications BIM saves considerable time in the planning stage. It can also Communications are considerably simplified when everyone benefit later project stages. For example, different scheduling involved works together with a single database that can com- scenarios can be digitally generated and the use of materi- municate with other systems. Automatic collision checks in als, processes, and/or modules simulated. The aim here is to the planning process ensure that time-consuming modifica- shorten and stabilize the time needed for projects. tions will be avoided early on. The other project stages are also linked with each other—and the digital construction model 06 Cost savings and monitoring becomes the source of information for both constructing and BIM can be used to detect conflicts, problems, or collisions. operating the building. This lowers costs. And costs can be simulated before the construction stage begins. By comparing these data with the 03 Prefabrication actual situation, deviations can be identified earlier. And when The digital twin can serve as the basis for data needed to pre- putting the project back on course, countermeasures can be fabricate certain modules or sub-modules. The depth of avail- simulated before putting them into practice. able detail gives both external and internal suppliers access to all the information they require for prefabrication purposes. A cor- responding level of intelligence should be established that de- scribes how components can be combined into systems or mod- ules. CAD systems are currently unable to achieve this because they are not able to extensively model intelligence properties for specific components. 3 University professor Christoph M. Achammer, ATP architects engineers 4 Computer-Aided Facility Management Top-Value Twin 03 The construction industry has not yet recognized the full Because many people do not yet recognize the added value potential of BIM. A digital twin from the planning stage of BIM—especially for the facility management stage—it is gives project participants a precise model of the building, diffi cult to motivate clients to increase their investment and which lays the foundation for greater effi ciency and new provide the digital twin with a high level of detail. Available opportunities in the construction and operational stages. components are not yet enriched with the information A dynamic level of detail for all components and objects is needed to utilize the full potential of a digital twin. Other key here. Information from each individual stage needs to be sectors are further ahead. According to a study by Gartner5, added to the digital twin—the right information, at the right 75 percent of companies that produce components for time, with the right degree of detail, in the right system, in the Internet of Things (IoT) already use digital twins for the right amount. simulation purposes. Digital information Digital information Digital information Digital information Design Build Operate Retrofi t and demolish Defi nition of requirements Share of life-cycle costs 2 % 20 % 70 % 8 % Use today 70 % 20 % 5 % 5 % Benefi ts per phase � Less need for coordination � Streamlined resource and � Predictive maintenance � Catalog and detailed infor- � Higher level of teamwork capacity planning � Material and component mation for all materials and � More effi cient collision � Simpler application of lean tracing components used detection construction principles � The digital twin can be up- � Overview of materials with � Fewer new design & engi- � Virtual monitoring of prog- dated if an expansion and/or special disposal needs neering ress plus simulations restructuring is required � The digital twin can simulate � Atomized component and � Lean logistics via pull demolition processes material specifi cation systems with prompts from � Detailed information