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Bhalla and Hazell (2003): “Rural Employment and Poverty: Strategies to Eliminate Rural Poverty within a Generation”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.33, No.33, August 16, pp.3473-84. All articles are, as a rule, referred to experts in the subjects concerned. Those recommended by the referees alone will be published in the Journal after appropriate editing. No article shall be sent for publication in the Journal if it is currently being reviewed by any other Journal or press or if it has already been published or will be published elsewhere. e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] SOCIETY FOR SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES Department of Politics & International Studies Pondicherry University Puducherry, India International Journal of South Asian Studies IJSAS January - June 2008 International Journal of South Asian Studies IJSAS January - June 2008 Contents New Discourse in Gender and Local Governance: A Comparative Study on Sri Lanka and India D Parimala ... 108 Soldier, Diplomat, Historian: Mark Wilks and the Representations of Empire in the Early Nineteenth Century Venkata Raghotham ... 1 Ramayana Story in Palm Leaf Pictures Lalu S Kurup ... 141 From Containment to Strategic Partnership: Explaining Conflict and Collaboration between the Global and a Regional Power Nalini Kant Jha ... 14 Indo- Pak Relations; Post 9/11 Policy Alternatives for India Sudhir Kumar Singh ... 148 Indian Diasporic Identity in UK: Opportunities & Dilemmas Badruddin ... 26 The Female World in R.K. Narayan’s The Guide: A Study of Ambivalent Gender Relations Romika Batra Sukhija ... 160 Modernity, Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: A Critical Perspective V Bijukumar ... 42 Imperial Hegemony and Subaltern Resistance in Mizoram K Robin ... 170 South Asia and WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism (1995-2007): A Survey Girish Kumar ... 58 Indian Compliance and Trips Agreement Understanding the Economics of Indian Foreign Policy Arundhati Sharma ... 73 Ploughmen, Wild Tribes and the Monarchy: Reflections on the Notion of ‘Good Governance’ in Kautilya’s Arthashastra Shri Krishan ... 88 A Study on the level of Indoor Air-Pollution and its Effects on the Health of Women and Children in the Tribal Hamlets of Kerala, India Shyamlal G S ... 97 International Journal of South Asian Studies IJSAS January - June 2008 International Journal of South Asian Studies IJSAS January - June 2008 Venkata Raghotham 2 Soldier, Diplomat, Historian: Mark Wilks and the Representations methodological principle involved in such analyses Kannada and Telugu. Secondly, historical events in the elaboration of a discursive field linking within such as wars, battles, rise and fall of dynasties are of Empire in the Early Nineteenth Century texts with a host of institutions, ideas and political placed in a context that is sensitive to both the Venkata Raghotham and economic interests. Historians like Robert structural features of continuity and the contingent Orme, Mark Wilks, Mountsturat Elphistone and features of change. Finally, Wilks, sensitive to the Grant Duff are generally viewed as ‘imperial Enlightenment project of comparative ethnography, historians’ whose works in the words of Burton attempted to identify the linkage between ‘civil Abstract Stein constitute a ‘trophy of domination’ (Stein society’ and political power and in doing so created Mark Wilks, like any contemporary of the Enlightenment was attracted to the 1985:387). the concept of south Indian villages being ‘little characteristic differences in the forms of civil society and royal power in India republics’, a notion that entered western social and and Europe. Caste and Despotism were invoked as literary tropes to explain and The highly charged military and political political theory through the writings of Karl Marx. rationalize the apparent unchanging nature of the Indian society—vegetating context in which these historians wrote their works, The earliest description of rural agrarian in the teeth of time—in the purple prose of Karl Marx. Rejecting the then widely the Carnatic Wars, the Mysore Wars and the communities of Mysore as ‘little republics” are accepted theory of environmental determinism, Wilks argued that despotism, by Anglo-Mahratta Wars lends credence to the view found in Historical Sketches and Marx cites Wilks which he meant absence of “civil liberty” was the result of the absence of written of Stein. All four of these early historians were as his authority when he analysed the unchanging law and the infusion of religion in purely secular matters of civil society and its participants in military engagements with Indian nature of Indian social formation that constituted functioning. states and therefore their views were necessarily the foundations for a despotic political order. colored by their experiences. In her path breaking India Inscribed: European and British Writings on In this paper we attempt an analysis of Introduction: Issues and Perspectives representation of the histories of states, cultures India’s 1600-1800, Kate Teltscher has used Mark Wilks’ Historical Sketches of the South of and societies that differ fundamentally from the techniques of literary analysis in order to Mark Wilks (1759-1831) remains a India with a view to uncovering the influence of prevailing notions of property, civil society and demonstrate the common assumption, strategies the Enlightenment on his concept of historiography. curiously neglected historian of the early nineteenth government. Wilks in his Historical Sketches of and imagery shared by early historian and travel We have examined Mark Wilks’ reconstruction of century, a period that saw the emergence of British the south of India made a pioneering attempt to writers that reflect the “anxieties of empire”. Linda paramountcy over India. As a soldier, Lt Col. Mark the early history of the Vijayanagarara Empire in place the political structure encountered by the Colley has added yet another dimension to the post order to demonstrate the lien critical method had Wilks participated in several of the battles that were English in southern India in the historical context colonial perspectives by arguing that the on his approach to history. Secondly, we investigate fought in southern India and was with General of the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire experience of captivity was central to the growing James Stuart when Tipu Sultan’s capital was Wilks’ treatment of the history of Mysore under and in doing so laid the basis for a historical sense of English / British identity (Colley 2002:307). Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Indian historians have stormed in May 1799. As a diplomat, Mark Wilks, methodology that is still relevant in that the excoriated Wilks for his “bitter invective” against the Resident at the restored court of the Wodiyars An important intellectual factor in the combined epigraphic evidence with the material at Mysore, was quite successful in bringing Mysore history of the second half of the eighteenth century these two rulers (Habib 1999:xviii). We argue, collected by Colin Mackenzie: the weakness of herein, that part of his denunciation of the Hyder- firmly into the grip of the administration of the was the influence of the European Enlightenment the later corrected by the strengths of the former. Tipu regime stems from the political context Madras Presidency. Committed to the restoration particularly its engagement with historiography and informing his work: a justification for the restoration of what was then regarded as an ‘ancient dynasty,’ With Edward Said’s Orientalism and the the past. In scholarly interpretations of the writings of the Wodeyar dynasty under the subsidiary Mark Wilks had to deftly subvert powerful votaries consequent rise of post-colonial theoretical of historians such as Mark Wilks the influence of alliance with the East India Company. Finally, we of outright annexation of the territories of Tipu constructs, texts such as Mark Wilks’ Historical the Enlightenment is hardly ever emphasized even examine the participation of the Indians in the Sultan and he undertook a long range historical Sketches of the South of India are interrogated though his monumental Historical Sketches of establishment of the company raj. Individuals like investigation that combined the principles of for traces suggesting ‘identity’, ‘ideology’ and more South of India bears three important marks of Diwan Purnaiya who served both Hyder Ali and enlightenment historiography with the analysis and recently artifacts that “fashion” individuals. The enlightenment historiography. Firstly, Wilks was able to reconstruct for the first time a continuous