Systemic Functional Grammar of Spanish Volume I Also Available from Continuum: Systemic Functional Grammar of Chinese Eden Sum-hung Li and Fang Yan Systemic Functional Grammar of French Alice Caffarel and M. A. K. Halliday Systemic Functional Grammar of Japanese Kazuhiro Teruya and Christian Matthiessen Systemic Functional Grammar of Spanish A Contrastive Study with English Julia Lavid, Jorge Arús and Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla Continuum International Publishing Group The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane 11 York Road Suite 704 London, SE1 7NX New York, NY 10038 www.continuumbooks.com © Julia Lavid, Jorge Arús and Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla 2010 Julia Lavid, Jorge Arús and Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identifi ed as the Authors of this work All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-8264-8295-2 (hardback) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group Contents Volume I Acknowledgements vii Notations and symbols ix 1. Introduction 1 2. The grammar of ideation I: Logical metafunction 10 3. The grammar of ideation II: Experiential metafunction 85 Volume II Acknowledgements vii Notations and symbols ix 4. Interpersonal grammar 229 5. Textual grammar 294 6. The grammar of groups and phrases 371 References 431 Index 439 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements This book derives from work by its three authors in the functional and corpus-based analysis of Spanish and English in a variety of contexts, includ- ing descriptive, educational and computational. The fi rst context that this book draws on was computational, in the area of automated text genera- tion, when Julia Lavid fi rst collaborated in 1990 with the Penman group led by Eduard Hovy at the Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern California and became familiar with the Nigel grammar, an exten- sive systemic-functional grammar of English for text generation. There she was fortunate to work with John Bateman, Christian Matthiessen, Mick O’Donnell, Elke Teich and other colleagues whose input was a tremendous help. The insights gained from this initial collaboration and the subsequent work on multilingual generation in several European projects, sparked her interest in the development of a systemic-functional generation grammar of Spanish, contrastive with English, and in 1999 she encouraged her then doctoral students – Jorge Arús and Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla – at Uni- versidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) to work with her in the develop- ment of several functional regions of the Spanish grammar as part of a project fi nanced by the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (CAM). Further joint work with Jorge Arús in the area of transitivity and with Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla in the area of tense, aspect and modality gave rise to several international presentations and publications, and these two authors culminated their contrastive work in these areas with the presentation of their doctoral dissertations in 2002 and 2006, respectively. Our joint work on several contrastive aspects of Spanish and English has continued throughout these years in the three contexts mentioned above, often in collaboration or in contact with other colleagues such as Christopher Butler, Marta Carretero, Angela Downing, Raquel Hidalgo Downing, Eduard Hovy, Elena Martinez Caro, Soledad Pérez de Ayala, Maite Taboada and Kazu Teruya, among others. We thank all of them for many useful scientifi c discussions and invaluable insights, and we gratefully acknowledge the contribution of several of them to consolidate our current research group at UCM. viii Acknowledgements Our special thanks go to Christian Matthiessen who encouraged us to write this book, thus offering us the chance to contribute to other descrip- tive accounts of the clause grammars of different languages from a systemic- functional perspective. We are also grateful to Kazu Teruya for his support and typological interest in our contrastive work. To John Bateman for the chance he offered Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla to work with him in Bremen on the creation of Spanish resources for generation and their application to computer-aided language learning. And to Erich Steiner and Elke Teich for sharing their views and work on descriptive and computa- tional aspects of the application of systemic grammars of different lan- guages in contrastive textual analysis. We also wish to thank other colleagues for their feedback on some previous work on which this book draws on: Kristin Davidse, Robin Fawcett, Francisco Gonzálvez-García, Vicente López Folgado, and José Simón, among others. The responsibility for any failings in the text lies with the authors, but we are grateful for any possible improvements caused by their insights. We are also indebted to our students at UCM who fi rst applied drafts of several book chapters to textual analysis in several courses on English-Spanish Contrastive Linguistics and Translation. We thank them all for their interest, their feedback and their patience. We gratefully acknowledge the fi nancial support of institutions such as UCM and the CAM through several project grants awarded to our research group ‘Lingüística Funcional (inglés-español) y sus aplicaciones’, as well as the sponsoring provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under project number FFI2008-03384/FILO. On the personal side, we wish to thank our families and friends, who put up with a string of lost weekends, and odd working hours for a number of years. Without their encouragement and constant support this book would not have been completed. Last, but not least, we wish to thank the Continuum team for being so patient while we struggled to complete the book. Julia Lavid, Jorge Arús and Juan Rafael Zamorano-Mansilla Notations and symbols 1 Morphological notations 1p fi rst-person plural 1s fi rst-person singular 2p second-person plural 2s second-person singular 3p third-person plural 3s third-person singular Ac Actor accomp accompaniment ACCUS. Accusative Af Affected Ag Agent Ag2 Secondary Agent As-er Assigner At Attribute At-ed Attributed At-on Attribution At-or Attributor Be Benefi ciary C Conditional tense (Condicional) Ca Carrier Circ Circumstance Cl Client C-NF Completive New Focus cont Contingency DAT Dative Ex Existent ext extension F Future tense (Futuro de Indicativo) F-pf Future Perfect (Futuro Perfecto) Go Goal x Notations and symbols GoingTo Going-to Future Id Identifi ed IMP Imperative (Imperativo) Ind Inducer Indi Indicative Inf Infi nitive (Infi nitivo) Ins Instigator interp. Interpersonal Interp. Theme Interpersonal Theme IQ implied question Ir Identifi er lit. literally loc location Me Medium NP Noun Phrase PASS Passive voice Ph Phenomenon P-ipfv Imperfective Past tense (Pretérito Imperfecto) pl plural P-pf Past Perfect (Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto) P-pfv Perfective Past tense (Pretérito Indefi nido) Pr Present tense (Presente) Prog Progressive Pron. Pronominal Pr-pf Present Perfect (Pretérito Perfecto) Ps-Ins Pseudo-Instigator Q-NF Questioning New Focus Ra Range Re Recipient redup. reduplication REFL Refl exive Sa Sayer Sco Scope Se Senser sg singular Subj Subjunctive mode (modo Subjuntivo) Ta Target To Token Va Value Ve Verbiage Notations and symbols xi 2 Systemic notations / confl ation + insertion : preselection (and realization) ^ ordering … partition ::: infl ection 3 Structural notations α and other lower case Greek alphabet: hypotaxis 1 and other Arabic numerals: parataxis → interdependency relation Actor and other terms with initial capitals: names of function MOOD and other terms in all upper cases: names of system This page intentionally left blank Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims of the book This book has been written with several aims in mind. One fi rst aim is to contribute to recent descriptive accounts of the clause grammars of differ- ent languages from the systemic functional (henceforth SF) perspective (see Caffarel 2006, Li 2007, Teruya 2007), and to the expanding fi eld of SF typology initiated with work on the metafunctional profi les of the grammar of eight different languages (see Caffarel et al. 2004). One second aim is to offer a unique perspective on Spanish based on the SF conception of grammar as a resource for making and expressing mean- ings (systemic potential) which are instantiated in different text types. This perspective is particularly adapted for the purposes of discourse analysis and interpretation, one of the main motivations for the grammatical sketch presented here. Through extended discourse analysis we hope to show how meaning is construed by lexicogrammatical patterns in text in different textual and contextual environments. One third aim is to present a contrastive account with selected regions of the English grammar, highlighting the main differences between both languages, both at the paradigmatic and the syntagmatic level.1 In pursuing these aims, we hope to suit the needs of a variety of readers: (a)