BTMC-133 Indira Gandhi National Open University School of Tourism and Hospitality Services Management History of Tourism-II Indira Gandhi National Open University School of Tourism and Hospitality Services Management Course Preparation Team Prof Jitendra Srivastava Director, SOTHSM (Chairperson) Prof. Mohinder Chand Kurukshetra University Prof. Lavakush Mishra Agra University Dr. Paramita Suklabaidya Assistant Professor, SOTHSM Dr. Sonia Sharma Assistant Professor, SOTHSM Dr. Tangjakhombi Akoijam Assistant Professor, SOTHSM Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey (Convener) Assistant Professor, SOTHSM Programme Coordinator: Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey Course Coordinators and Editors Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey Dr. Paramita Suklabaidya Assistant Professor, SOTHSM Assistant Professor, SOTHSM IGNOU, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi Faculty Members Prof. Jitendra Kumar Srivastava, Director Prof. Harkirat Bains, Professor, SOTHSM Dr. Paramita Suklabaidya, Associate Prof., SOTHSM Dr. Sonia Sharma, Asstt. Prof., SOTHSM Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey, Asstt. Prof., SOTHSM Dr. Tangjakhombi Akoijam, Asstt. Prof., SOTHSM Course Preparation Units Unit Writer Units Unit Writer 1,2,3 Adapted from SOSS- FHS 01, EEC 6, 11, 12 Prof. Harkirat Bains BSHF 101 SOTHSM, IGNOU 4 Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey 13, 17 Dr. Syed A.Rizwan SOTHSM, IGNOU and Prof. Lavkush Guest Faculty, ITS, Lucknow University Mishra, ITHM, Agra University 5,6,7 Adapted from SOTHSM- TS 1 14, 15 Dr. Monika Aggarwal Guest Faculty, DITTM, New Delhi 8 Prof. Lavkush Mishra, ITHM, Agra and Dr. Paramita Suklabaidya University and Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey, SOTHSM, IGNOU SOTHSM, IGNOU 9 Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey 16 Dr. Paramita Suklabaidya SOTHSM, IGNOU and Dr. Amit Kumar SOTHSM, IGNOU Singh, Sikkim University 18 Dr. Anupama Srivastav 10 Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey ITS, Lucknow University SOTHSM, IGNOU and Dr. Shweta 19 Dr. Tangjakhombi Akoijam Chandra, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi SOTHSM, IGNOU PRODUCTION TEAM Mr. Y.N. Sharma Mr. Yashpal Asst. Registrar (Publication) Section Officer (Publication) MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi February, 2020 Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2020 ISBN: 978-93-89969-20-7 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University. Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the University's office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi. Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by the Registrar, MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi. Laser Typeset by A-One Offset Printers Printed at: COURSE INTRODUCTION: HISTORY OF TOURISM-II In order to deal with troubles of unemployment and image building every nation is mounting and promoting travel and tourism. In most of the country history, art and architecture, tradition etc is the moral fiber of tourism product development. In history of Tourism Part 1 we have already discussed how tourism has turned out to be a discipline, its chronological historical development, primeval tourism activity, discovery, urbanization, sea-voyages and major dimensions of travel and tourism has been discussed. Now in the present book of History of Tourism- II, we are going to elaborate on major social movements, rise of international tourism, tourist boom between the world wars, transport and advances, women and politics of tourism etc. In this course we will also discuss the early travel forms and how the travel motivation and types have changed over the years, the effect of World War on the growth and development of Tourism as well as the genesis of Modern Day Tourism by Thomas Cook. Globalization has changed not only the global economy but also has bought in changes in cross cultural communication; and therefore the impact, importance and the role of globalization on tourism will described for your understanding of the phenomenon of globalization. The dimensions and the Components of Tourism will be discussed along with the various associations and organization that lay down the rules and guidelines for service delivery in the Tourism Industry. Tourism is one of the major foreign exchange earners for our country and has been accorded the status of an Industry. Finally, this course will introduce you to the tourism policy of India and its implications. Content Page No. Unit 1 Renaissance and Reformation 7 Unit 2 Industrial Revolution 17 Unit 3 Indian National Movement 33 Unit 4 Movements, Imperialism and Social Tourism 47 Unit 5 Constituents of Tourism Industry and Tourism Organisations 62 Unit 6 Tourism System 77 Unit 7 Modes of Transport 90 Unit 8 Tourist Boom Between the World Wars (1914-1950) 102 Unit 9 Rise of International Tourism 111 Unit 10 Women and Tourism 127 Unit 11 Early Forms of Tourism 143 Unit 12 Foundation of Tourism Business 155 Unit 13 Tourism and Globalization 168 Unit 14 Tourism Dimensions-I 182 Unit 15 Tourism Dimensions-II 197 Unit 16 Tour Guide and Escorts 212 Unit 17 Tourism Organisations 227 Unit 18 Tourism Service Organisations 244 Unit 19 Tourism Policies in India 259 Some Useful Books 274 Actvity 277 UNIT 1 RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION Renaissance and Reformation Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Social and Economic Background 1.2.1 The Capitalist Economy 1.3 Renaissance 1.3.1 Humanism 1.3.2 Secularism 1.4 Renaissance Literature 1.5 Art and Architecture 1.6 Beginning of the Scientific Revolution 1.7 Reformation 1.8 Let Us Sum Up 1.9 Key Words 1.10 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 1.0 OBJECTIVES This Unit deals with a very momentous period of European history which initiated major changes not only in economy, society and polity but in overall outlook towards human beings and nature. After reading this Unit you should be able to learn about: The economic and social factors which contributed to the processes of Renaissance and Reformation. The ideas, values and institutions associated with Renaissance and Reformation, The art and culture of this period, The process which led to the rise of modern-state in Europe, and The expansion of European powers to other regions of the world led to colonisation. 1.1 INTRODUCTION In this Unit, we introduce the study of a very crucial period in human history in which the foundations of the modern world were laid. A number of inter -related developments took place in the period from about the fourteenth to the seventeenth century A.D. There were certain major developments in Europe which had their impact on the entire world. In certain aspects, the impact was felt more or less immediately, while in others it took a much longer time. The terms ‘Renaissance’ and ‘Reformation’ are generally used to describe this period of transformation. The word ‘Renaissance’ means rebirth, and it was used to refer to the revival or interest in the learning of ancient Greece and Rome. But 7 History of Tourism-II it was much more than the revival of ancient learning. It embraced ideas and achievements in philosophy, religion, art, literature, politics and science which had little in common with the ancient heritage. At times, they were also against the Catholic Church and the authority of the Pope which led to the rise of Protestantism in the early sixteenth century as well as to the Catholic Reformation known as ‘Counter-Reformation’ in the later sixteenth century. The Reformation had a profound impact on the history of Europe which extended beyond the sphere of religion. Both Renaissance and Reformation had common social and economic causes. In their impact, they coincided, and together, they brought about the collapse of the feudal order and laid the foundations of a new social order. A series of inter-related developments accompanied these changes in society and economy. There were fundamental changes in the thinking of human beings about the world and their place in it, and in the content and style of art and literature. There was a decisive shift away from divine matters to the study of human matters and an invincible faith in the tremendous creative potential of human beings. The foundations of modern science were laid in this period. The period also saw the emergence of nation-states with new forms of political system and new political theories. This period was also the age of discovery when the voyages of exploration brought for the first time in history, all parts of the world into contact with one another. All these developments must be seen in their mutual inter-relationship. It may be useful to first have a look at the general and economic background of the period in which these changes and development took place. 1.2 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND In medieval period the revival of trade was accompanied by the growth of towns. Old towns became larger and many new towns emerged, mainly as centres of manufacture and trade. Towns, often walled, gradually freed themselves from feudal control. They had their own governments and the townsmen elected their officials. They had their own militia and their own courts. Unlike the serfs in feudal estates, there were no restrictions on the movements of citizens in the towns. They could come and go as they pleased and buy and sell property. “Town air makes a man free”, is an old medieval proverb. Towns provided asylum to serfs who escaped from feudal oppression. The towns encouraged the cultivation of cash crops needed for manufacturers, and peasants received their payments in money. The Peasant could now pay his dues to the lord in cash rather than by labour Money had little use in feudal societies. A feudal manor was more or less self-sufficient for its needs. There was very little of buying and selling and whatever there was, was done through barter. With the growth of trade, there was increasing use of money.