FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER’S THESIS Study programme/specialisation: City and Regional Planning Spring/ Autumn semester, 20......20 Open / Confidential Author: Ranjith Radhakrishnan Programme coordinator: Stine Thu Johannessen Supervisor(s): Harald.N.Røstvik Title of master’s thesis: ANALYSIS ON THE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND FEASIBILITY OF POSITIVE ENERGY DISTRICT AT STAVANGER AIRPORT Credits: 30 Keywords: Energy, Positive Energy District, Stavanger Airport Number of pages: …………………78 + supplemental material/other: ………… Stavanger, ……………….. 12/06/2020 date/year Title page for master’s thesis Faculty of Science and Technology ANALYSIS ON THE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND FEASIBILITY OF POSITIVE ENERGY DISTRICT AT STAVANGER AIRPORT | 1 ANALYSIS ON THE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND FEASIBILITY OF POSITIVE ENERGY DISTRICT AT STAVANGER AIRPORT | Table of Contents PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Relevance to Planning ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Aviation Emissions ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Variations in Emissions ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Thesis Relevance with Planning ............................................................................................................................. 10 Challenges ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Background ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 Description ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 RESEARCH QUESTION ............................................................................................................................................... 14 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 SITE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Siting Considerations for Airports .......................................................................................................................... 19 Wind and Temperature Data ............................................................................................................................. 19 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Positive Energy District.......................................................................................................................................... 22 Functions of a Positive Energy District (PED) ...................................................................................................... 22 Fundamental Guiding Principles of PED ................................................................................................................. 24 Criteria for Sustainable Airports ............................................................................................................................ 24 Power market and Capacity of Grid in Norway ...................................................................................................... 24 Energy Use Strategy .............................................................................................................................................. 24 Existing energy-saving measures under Practice .................................................................................................... 25 Energy Management and Energy Saving ................................................................................................................ 27 Airport Carbon Accreditation ............................................................................................................................... 27 Best Practice Initiative ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Carbon Footprint................................................................................................................................................... 30 ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................................. 32 Airport's primary energy needs. ............................................................................................................................ 32 Energy Use at airport ............................................................................................................................................ 33 Energy Management (EM) at Airports ................................................................................................................... 35 Energy Mapping .................................................................................................................................................... 36 Energy calculations ............................................................................................................................................... 37 Existing Energy production from the different modules ..................................................................................... 38 Performance from solar panels.......................................................................................................................... 39 Total energy consumption at Sola Airport ............................................................................................................. 40 2 ANALYSIS ON THE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND FEASIBILITY OF POSITIVE ENERGY DISTRICT AT STAVANGER AIRPORT | Energy Vs. Cost ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 Energy potential in Sola Airport ............................................................................................................................. 42 SIMULATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... 43 Sun Path Diagram .............................................................................................................................................. 43 Scenario 1 (Inclination angle 45° Azimuth angle 0°) ........................................................................................... 44 Scenario 2 (Inclination angle 20° Azimuth angle 0°) ........................................................................................... 46 Scenario 3 (Inclination angle 10° Azimuth angle +/- 90°) .................................................................................... 48 Power Flow Diagram ......................................................................................................................................... 49 Energy Forecasting ................................................................................................................................................ 50 Storage Possibilities .............................................................................................................................................. 51 Solar Plus Battery Storage ..................................................................................................................................... 52 The scenario for Battery Storage ....................................................................................................................... 52 Small Batteries ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Safety Considerations............................................................................................................................................ 54 Glare from Panels: ............................................................................................................................................. 55 Is wood burning Carbon Neutral............................................................................................................................ 56 Electric aviation ........................................................................................................................................................ 58 Energy