USAID OFFICE OF FOOD FOR PEACE FOOD SECURITY DESK REVIEW FOR MALI, FY2015–FY2019 FEBRUARY 2015 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA) managed by FHI 360. The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the support of the Office of Food for Peace, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance, and the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases, and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), under terms of Cooperative Agreement No. No. AID-OAA-A-12-00005, through the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), managed by FHI 360. The contents are the responsibility of FHI 360 and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Recommended citation: Mathys, Ellen; Murphy, Emmet; and Woldt, Monica. 2015. USAID Office of Food for Peace Food Security Desk Review for Mali, FY2015–FY2019. Washington, DC: FHI 360/FANTA. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA) FHI 360 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009-5721 T 202-884-8000 F 202-884-8432 [email protected] www.fantaproject.org USAID Office of Food for Peace Food Security Desk Review for Mali, FY2015–FY2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors of the USAID Office of Food for Peace Food Security Desk Review for Mali wish to thank the staff of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)/Office of Food for Peace (FFP), USAID/Mali, and other USAID/Washington staff for their assistance in providing valuable information for the desk review, especially Laura Wilkinson (USAID/FFP), and John Mullenax and Amadou Camara (USAID/Mali). The authors also wish to provide special thanks to all the nongovernmental organizations, donors, and other food security stakeholders for the information and experiences that they shared that greatly enriched the desk review. In addition, the authors extend their gratitude to Abdoul Diallo, a consultant for the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), for his tireless support and assistance to the desk review team. Finally, the authors also thank FANTA staff Kavita Sethuraman, Laura Glaeser, Jeff Feldmesser, Anna Lisi, and Pam Sutton for their technical input and edits to this document. i USAID Office of Food for Peace Food Security Desk Review for Mali, FY2015–FY2019 CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ i Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2. Country Context ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Governance and Conflict .............................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Humanitarian Context ................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Agriculture and Rural Development ............................................................................................. 7 2.4 Economic Trends and Poverty ...................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Environment, Climate Change, and WASH ................................................................................. 7 2.6 Mortality, Health, and Nutrition ................................................................................................... 8 2.7 Gender ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2.8 Youth .......................................................................................................................................... 12 2.9 Food Security Information .......................................................................................................... 13 3. Food Security Context ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Regions and Populations Most Vulnerable to Food Insecurity and Resilience Crises ............... 17 3.1.2 Key Institutional Efforts and Resources ........................................................................ 17 3.1.3 Regions and Populations Most Vulnerable to Food Insecurity and Lack of Resilience ......................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Food Availability and Access ..................................................................................................... 24 3.2.1 Food Availability ........................................................................................................... 24 3.2.2 Food Access ................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.3 Implications of Food Availability and Access Constraints and Considerations for FFP Development Food Assistance Programming in Mali ...................................... 38 3.2.4 Key Policies, Strategies, and Programs Related to Food Availability and Access ........ 39 3.3 Food Utilization and Health, and Related Policies, Strategies, and Programs ........................... 44 3.3.1 Food Utilization and Health .......................................................................................... 44 3.3.2 Implications of Women’s and Children’s Health and Nutritional Status and Considerations for FFP Development Food Assistance Programming in Mali ............. 53 3.3.3 Key Policies, Strategies, and Programs Related to Food Utilization and Health .......... 54 4. Lessons Learned from Prior FFP Development Food Assistance Projects in Mali ....................... 56 4.1 Lessons Learned Related to Food Availability and Access ........................................................ 59 4.1.1 Livelihoods Lessons Learned ........................................................................................ 59 4.1.2 Early Warning Systems Lessons Learned ..................................................................... 63 4.1.3 Cross-Cutting Activity ................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Lessons Learned Related to Food Utilization ............................................................................. 66 4.2.1 MCHN Lessons Learned ............................................................................................... 66 4.2.2 WASH Lessons Learned ............................................................................................... 70 5. References ............................................................................................................................................. 72 Appendix 1. USAID Conceptual Framework for Resilience ..................................................................... 78 Appendix 2. Map of Mali ........................................................................................................................... 79 Appendix 3. Humanitarian Snapshot of Mali ............................................................................................ 80 Appendix 4. Displacement in Mali ............................................................................................................ 81 ii USAID Office of Food for Peace Food Security Desk Review for Mali, FY2015–FY2019 Appendix 5. Factors Related to Food Security, by Region ........................................................................ 82 Appendix 6. Exposure of Farming and Pasture to Drought: Regional ....................................................... 86 Appendix 7. Exposure to Drought: Mali .................................................................................................... 87 Appendix 8. Sensitivity to Drought-Related Shocks ................................................................................. 88 Appendix 9. Lack of Adaptive Capacity in the Face of Drought-Related Shocks ..................................... 89 Appendix 10. Vulnerability (Exposure + Sensitivity – Adaptive Capacity) to Food Insecurity ................ 90 Appendix 11. Frequency of Acute Food Insecurity (IPC Level 2+) .......................................................... 91 Appendix 12. Food Security Projections for 2014 ..................................................................................... 92 Appendix 13. Regions of Greatest Vulnerability to Chronic and Acute Malnutrition ............................... 93 Appendix 14. Seasonal Calendar for Typical Year .................................................................................... 94 Appendix 15. Annual Precipitation Map ..................................................................................................