University of Alberta Representations of African American Fife and Drum Music in North Mississippi By Kathleen R. Danser A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Music © Kathleen R. Danser Fall 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or oth- erwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. 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ABSTRACT This thesis is a comparative analysis of representations of the African American fife and drum musical tradition in North Mississippi, tracing the ways these represen- tations are shaped by the ideologies, aims, methods, and social positions of the per- son(s) in primary control of representation. It includes the exploration and interpreta- tion of audio recordings (including music, graphic presentation, and album copy), video, and film representations. African American fife and drum music is rooted in cross-cultural exchanges of folklore, melody, lyrical text, and instrumentation between African and Anglo Ameri- cans dating back to the American Revolutionary War in the United States. It re- mained a strong musical practice in the southern states throughout the twentieth cen- tury but is now solely borne by the Turner family of Senatobia, Mississippi. Through the years, varied representations of this musical tradition reflect the idiosyncratic style of the producer illuminating otherwise hidden structures of cultural power. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank: Sharde Thomas and the Turner family for sharing their musical heritage; my thesis committee at the University of Alberta (Dr. Michael Frish- kopf – Advisor, Dr. Regula Qureshi, and Dr. Andie Palmer); Dick ‘St. Louis Frank’ Fuhrman for his generosity and respect; Willie Wilkinson for his historical knowledge of North Mississippi; Greg Johnson at the Blues Archive at the University of Missis- sippi for guiding my archival research; Shelley Ritter at the Delta Blues Museum for broadening my understanding of North Mississippi music; Jill Chesley for her cross cultural insights, support, and editing skills; Dr. David Evans at the University of Memphis, Kip Lornell at George Washington University, Dr. Gregory Hansen at the University of Arkansas, and Dr. Richard Leppert for research direction; and, my the- sis study group at the University of Alberta (Matthew Knight, Patrick Smith, Ben Doleac). Also, I gratefully acknowledge research financial support from: Canada Council for the Arts (Artistic Development Program); the Social Sciences and Hu- manities Research Council of Canada (Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada Gradu- ate Scholarship – Masters); the Canadian Federation of University Women (Margaret Brine Award); and the University of Alberta (Walter H. Johns Fellowship and travel grants from the Department of Music, Faculty of Arts, and the Faculty of Graduate Studies & Research). TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: A NEW ERA OF AFRICAN AMERICAN FIFE AND DRUM MUSIC IN NORTH MISSISSIPPI I. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 The Ethnographic Setting ............................................................................. 3 Discovering the Tradition .............................................................................. 6 Fieldwork Research Methodology ................................................................ 7 II. Dead Ends and Detours .................................................................................... 8 “No Audio, No Interviews, No Video” ............................................................ 8 Fieldwork Limitations, Fieldwork Freedoms ............................................... 11 Research Aims ........................................................................................... 12 III. A Brief Overview of the 2010 Turner Family Picnic ......................................... 13 Preparation ................................................................................................. 13 Performance ............................................................................................... 16 IV. Chapter Overview ............................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER TWO: EARLY FIFE AND DRUM HISTORY AND ITS REPRESENTATIONS I. Thoughts on Historical Construction ................................................................ 22 II. Early History of African American Fife and Drum ............................................ 23 Musical Translocation: West Africa and Europe ......................................... 23 Fife and Drum Music in the American Revolution ...................................... 27 III. Representations .............................................................................................. 31 Legacy, Lineage, and Economic Control .................................................... 35 CHAPTER THREE: AUDIO RECORDINGS: MUSIC, IMAGES, AND WORDS I. Framework for Interpretive Analysis ................................................................ 45 II. Academic Representations .............................................................................. 46 “Afro-American Folk Music from Tate and Panola Counties, Mississippi” (2000) ........................................................... 46 “Sounds of the South” (1959) ..................................................................... 50 III. Educational Representations ........................................................................... 53 “Othar Turner and the Afrossippi Allstars: ‘From Senegal to Senatobia’ Featuring the Rising Star Fife & Drum Band” (2000) ....................... 53 “Everybody Hollerin’ Goat” (2001) .............................................................. 56 IV. Independent Artist Representations ................................................................ 58 “What Do I Do?” (2010) .............................................................................. 58 V. Commercial Entertainment Industry Representations ..................................... 60 “The George Mitchell Collection: Vol. 1-45” (2008) .................................... 60 “Mississippi to Mali” (2003) ......................................................................... 63 VI. Discussion ....................................................................................................... 66 Intragroup Comparisons ............................................................................. 66 Intergroup Comparisons ............................................................................. 70 CHAPTER FOUR: VIDEO AND FILM REPRESENTATIONS I. Framework for Interpretive Analysis ................................................................ 72 II. Academic Representations .............................................................................. 73 “Gravel Springs Fife and Drum” (1972) ...................................................... 73 “The Land Where the Blues Began”