No. 07-35865 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT ____________________ BRANDON BIERI MAYFIELD, an individual; MONA MAYFIELD, guardian ad litem; SHANE MAYFIELD; SHARIA MAYFIELD; SAMIR MAYFIELD, individuals, by and through their guardian ad litem, Mona Mayfield, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________ ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON ____________________ BRIEF FOR THE APPELLANT ____________________ JEFFREY S. BUCHOLTZ Acting Assistant Attorney General KARIN J. IMMERGUT United States Attorney DOUGLAS N. LETTER SCOTT R. McINTOSH Attorneys, Appellate Staff Civil Division Department of Justice 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Room 7259 Washington, D.C. 20530 202-514-4052 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF AUTHORITIES.......................................... iii STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION.....................................1 STATEMENT OF ISSUES............................................1 STATEMENT OF THE CASE.........................................2 STATEMENT OF FACTS............................................3 I. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.. 3 A. Electronic Surveillance under FISA.. 3 B. Physical Searches under FISA..............................1 0 II. The Present Litigation..........................................1 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT........................................1 7 ARGUMENT......................................................2 2 I. The Plaintiffs Lack Standing to Seek a Declaratory Judgment that 50 U.S.C. §§ 1804 and 1823 Are Facially Unconstitutional. 2 2 A. Neither Past Injuries Nor Speculation about Future Injuries Provides Standing to Seek a Declaratory Judgment.. 2 2 B. The Government’s Possession of the Derivative FISA Materials Does Not Support Standing. 2 5 II. 50 U.S.C. §§ 1804 and 1823 Are Not Facially Unconstitutional.. 2 9 A. Sections 1804 and 1823 Satisfy the Requirements of the Fourth Amendment....................................2 9 1. FISA’s Probable Cause Standard Comports with the Fourth Amendment...............................2 9 2. FISA’s “Significant Purpose” Standard Does Not Render Sections 1804 and 1823 Unconstitutional.. 4 1 B. Sections 1804 and 1823 Are Not Facially Unconstitutional under Salerno...........................................5 1 III. Other Constitutional Issues Are Outside the Scope of the Amended Complaint and Are Foreclosed by the Settlement Agreement. 5 7 CONCLUSION....................................................6 1 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE STATEMENT OF RELATED CASES EXTENSION LETTER STATUTORY ADDENDUM CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE -ii- TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Page Bernhardt v. County of Los Angeles, 279 F.3d 862 (9th Cir. 2002). 2 2 Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523 (1967).........................4 9 Cassidy v. Chertoff, 471 F.3d 67 (2d Cir. 2006)...........................4 9 City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95 (1983)......................23, 24 Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167 (2000). ...............................................2 2 Gospel Missions of America v. City of Los Angeles, 328 F.3d 548 (9th Cir. 2003).....................................................5 4 Grimes v. CIR, 82 F.3d 286 (9th Cir. 1996)...........................27, 28 Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280 (1981).....................................3 5 Hodgers-Durgin v. de la Vina, 199 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 1999). 23, 25 Hotel & Motel Ass'n of Oakland v. City of Oakland, 344 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2003).....................................................5 2 INS v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032 (1984)............................2 7 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992)....................22, 29 MacWade v. Kelly, 460 F.3d 260 (2d Cir. 2006)..........................4 9 Marshall v. Barlow's, Inc., 436 U.S. 307 (1978)..........................4 9 Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz, 496 U.S. 444 (1990).. 4 8 -iii- S.D. Myers, Inc. v. City and County of San Francisco, 253 F.3d 461 (9th Cir. 2001).....................................................5 2 NTEU v. Von Raab, 489 U.S. 656 (1989)................................4 9 Pennsylvania Board of Probation & Parole v. Scott, 524 U.S. 357 (1998). 2 7 Ramsden v. United States, 2 F.3d 322 (9th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1058 (1994). ..............................................2 8 In re Sealed Case, 310 F.3d 717 (FISA Court of Review 2002).. passim See v. Seattle, 387 U.S. 541 (1967).....................................4 9 Thomas v. Anchorage Equal Rights Comm'n, 220 F.3d 1134 (9th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1143 (2001).....................................2 5 United States v. Abu-Jihaad, __ F. Supp. 2d __, 2008 WL 219172 (D. Conn. Jan. 24, 2008)....................................30, 41, 42, 43 United States v. Brown, 484 F.2d 418 (5th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 960 (1974). ...............................................3 1 United States v. Buck, 548 F.2d 871 (9th Cir. 1977). 4, 31 United States v. Butenko, 494 F.2d 593 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 881 (1974). ...............................................3 1 United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338 (1974)..........................2 7 United States v. Cavanagh, 807 F.2d 787 (9th Cir. 1987). 3, 29, 30, 34, 40, 42 United States v. Damrah, 412 F.3d 618 (6th Cir. 2005).. 2 9 United States v. Duggan, 743 F.2d 59 (2d Cir. 1984). 30, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42 -iv- United States v. Holy Land Foundation for Relief & Dev., 2007 WL 2011319 (N.D.Tex. July 11, 2007)..........................................30, 42 United States v. Lujan, 504 F.3d 1003 (9th Cir. 2007). 2 9 United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543 (1976). 48, 53 United States v. Mubayyid, 521 F. Supp. 2d 125 (D. Mass. 2007). 30, 42 United States v. Pelton, 835 F.2d 1067 (4th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1010 (1988). .....................................29, 34, 39, 40 United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987).. 17, 20, 51, 52 United States v. Sarkissian, 841 F.2d 959 (9th Cir. 1988).. 9, 42, 46, 51 United States v. Truong, 629 F.2d 908 (4th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1154 (1982). ...............................31, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50 United States v. United States District Court, 407 U.S. 297 (1972). 31, 32, 34, 38 United States v. Wen, 477 F.3d 896 (7th Cir. 2006).. 29, 41, 49 Western States Paving Co., Inc. v. Washington State Dep't of Transportation, 407 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1170 (2006). ..............................................5 2 Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996).............................5 7 Zweibon v. Mitchell, 516 F.2d 594 (D.C. Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 944 (1976). ...............................................3 1 -v- Constitution and Statutes Fourth Amendment............................................. passim Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, 50 U.S.C. §§ 1801 et seq.. passim USA PATRIOT Act, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001). passim 18 U.S.C. § 2(a)....................................................5 4 18 U.S.C. § 371....................................................5 4 18 U.S.C. § 793....................................................5 5 18 U.S.C. § 2332b...............................................55, 56 18 U.S.C. § 2518...................................................3 3 28 U.S.C. § 1291....................................................1 28 U.S.C. § 1331....................................................1 50 U.S.C. §§ 1801-1811..............................................3 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(1). ..............................................6 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(2). ..............................................6 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(3). ............................................4, 6 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(4). ..............................................6 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(5). ..............................................6 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(6). ............................................4, 6 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(1)(A)-(C).........................................7 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(1)(A). ..........................................5 4 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(2)(A)-(D).........................................7 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(2)(A). ..........................................5 3 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(2)(B)............................................5 3 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(2)(C).........................................54, 56 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(2)(E).............................................7 50 U.S.C. § 1801(c)..............................................54, 56 50 U.S.C. § 1801(c)(1)-(3). ...........................................7 50 U.S.C. § 1801(e)(1). .............................................3 5 50 U.S.C. § 1801(e)(1)(A)-(C).........................................8 50 U.S.C. § 1801(e)(2)(A)-(B).........................................8 50 U.S.C. § 1802...................................................3 5 50 U.S.C. § 1802(a)..................................................4 50 U.S.C. § 1803(a).................................................3 5 -vi- 50 U.S.C. § 1803(a)-(b)...............................................4 50 U.S.C. § 1804............................................... passim 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a)............................................4, 10, 36 50 U.S.C. § 1805(a)(3). .............................................3 6 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a)(3)(A)-(B).........................................5 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a)(4)(A)-(B).........................................5 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a)(5).