republic of congo chad ethiopia zimbabwe togo madagascar burundi sudan somalia malawi niger equatorial guinea cameroon the gambia rwanda tanzania namibia somaliland uganda senegal mali ghana eritrea sierra leone democratic republic of congo angola botswana nigeria liberia mozambique benin kenya djibouti central african republic gabon guinea south africa burkina faso mauritania zambia cˆote d’ivoire DEVELOPMENTV P MEDIA OF SUSTAINABLES I E SUSTAINABILITY INDEPENDENTP E MEDIAM INDEX INI AFRICAF A 2010 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2010 The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Africa MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2010 The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Africa www.irex.org/msi Copyright © 2011 by IREX IREX 2121 K Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20037 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (202) 628-8188 Fax: (202) 628-8189 www.irex.org Project manager: Leon Morse Assistant Editor: Dayna Kerecman Myers IREX Project and Editorial Support: Evan Tachovsky Copyeditors: Carolyn Feola de Rugamas, Carolyn.Ink; Kelly Kramer, WORDtoWORD Editorial Services Design and layout: OmniStudio Printer: Westland Enterprises, Inc. 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USAID supports long-term and equitable economic growth and advances US foreign policy objectives by supporting: • economic growth, agriculture and trade; • global health; and, • democracy, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance. USAID provides assistance in five regions of the world: • Sub-Saharan Africa; • Asia; • Latin America and the Caribbean; • Europe and Eurasia; and • The Middle East. With headquarters in Washington, DC, USAID’s strength is its field offices around the world. USAID works in close partnership with private voluntary organizations, indigenous organizations, universities, American businesses, international agencies, other governments, and other US government agencies. USAID has working relationships with more than 3,500 American companies and over 300 US-based private voluntary organizations. IREX IREX is an international nonprofit organization providing thought leadership and innovative programs to promote positive lasting change globally. We enable local individuals and institutions to build key elements of a vibrant society: quality education, independent media, and strong communities. To strengthen these sectors, our program activities also include conflict resolution, technology for development, gender, and youth. Founded in 1968, IREX has an annual portfolio of over $60 million and a staff of over 400 professionals worldwide. IREX employs field-tested methods and innovative uses of technologies to develop practical and locally-driven solutions with our partners in more than 100 countries. Implementing Partners IREX wishes to thank the following organizations that coordinated the fieldwork for and authored a number of the studies herein: Center for Training and Consultancy (Somalia) The Inter Africa Network for Women, Media, Gender and Development (Senegal) http://www.kabissa.org/civiorg/443 Journaliste en Danger (Democratic Republic of Congo) http://www.jed-afrique.org/ Liberia Media Center http://liberiamediacenter.net/ Media Foundation for West Africa (Ghana) http://www.mediafound.org/ Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe http://www.mmpz.org/ Multi-Service Information Systems Madagascar Social Research and Development Institute (Somaliland) http://soradi.org/ Sol Plaatje Institute for Media Leadership, Rhodes University School of Journalism and Media Studies (South Africa) http://www.spiml.co.za/ iii AFRICA iv MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2010 Introduction .....................................................................................................vii Executive Summary .......................................................................................... ix Methodology ...................................................................................................xix Africa Angola ............................................................................................................... 3 Benin ................................................................................................................ 11 OF CONTENTS TABLE Botswana ......................................................................................................... 19 Burkina Faso ....................................................................................................31 Burundi ............................................................................................................ 41 Cameroon ........................................................................................................ 51 Central African Republic ................................................................................. 61 Chad ................................................................................................................. 71 Democratic Republic of Congo ...................................................................... 81 Republic of Congo .......................................................................................... 91 Côte d’Ivoire ..................................................................................................101 Djibouti .......................................................................................................... 113 Equatorial Guinea .........................................................................................121 Eritrea ............................................................................................................ 129 Ethiopia ..........................................................................................................139 Gabon ............................................................................................................ 151 The Gambia ................................................................................................... 161 Ghana .............................................................................................................175 Guinea ............................................................................................................187 Kenya ............................................................................................................. 201 Liberia ............................................................................................................ 211 Madagascar ................................................................................................... 223 Malawi ........................................................................................................... 233 Mali ................................................................................................................ 245 Mauritania ..................................................................................................... 255 Mozambique ................................................................................................. 273 Namibia ..........................................................................................................291 Niger .............................................................................................................. 303 Nigeria ........................................................................................................... 313 Rwanda .......................................................................................................... 325 Senegal .......................................................................................................... 335 Sierra Leone ...................................................................................................345 Somalia .......................................................................................................... 355 Somaliland ..................................................................................................... 363 South Africa ...................................................................................................373 Sudan ............................................................................................................. 387 Tanzania .........................................................................................................397 Togo ............................................................................................................... 407 Uganda .......................................................................................................... 419 Zambia ........................................................................................................... 429 Zimbabwe .....................................................................................................