Ludolf, Hiob rounding vowels. Glottalic consonants are found und Literatur. X. Afrikanistentag (Zürich, 23–25 Septem- in all L.E.C. languages. However, in some lan- ber 1993), Köln 1994, 415–40; I d., “Cushitic Overview”, guages only implosives occur, the latter some- JES 33, 2, 2000, 87–121. times realized as retroflexes (tAfar, S?ho, Òáas- Joachim Crass anaÇ, Somali). In a second group of languages Luba ËGadaa only ejectives are attested (Bayso), whereas other languages have both implosives and ejectives Lubo (Arbore, Oromo, the latter with the rare case of DäHHazmaÌ L. (o., fl. 1759–83) was an official of an implosive and an ejective at the same place of aTe ËIyoÑas. The brother of IyoÑas’s mother, W½ articulation, cf. Lloret 1994/95, 1995). Most of bit (GuiIyas 175 [tr.]; BruNile vol. 2, 659), in the the L.E.C. languages have a stress-accent system, 1760s he acted, along with his brother Dulo, as whereas Arbore, the Dullay cluster, and Rendille principal protector of the Emperor. IyoÑas inher- are languages with two register tones. In verb ited the throne when he was seven years old and morphology some languages (tAfar, S?ho, Omo- much under the sway of his grandmother, Âtege Tana group) preserved the so-called prefix con- ËB½rhan Mogäsa and her party, the QwarräññoÌÌ jugation in a small number of verbs, whereas the (ËQwara). Therefore, he turned to his uncles to other L.E.C. languages use exclusively suffixes. establish his independence from his grandmother. Non-concatenative morphology, a typical ËSe- L. first appears in the historical record in Octo- mitic feature, is present in tAfar-S?ho. Traces of ber 1759, with his appointment as Ëšaläqa of the this feature are found also in Arbore and most of Kanisa troops (GuiIyas 203 [tr.]). Five years later, the Omo-Tana languages. Some L.E.C. languag- at the end of September 1764, he was appointed es are marked nominative languages, whereas däHHazmaÌof Amhara. Towards the end of 1767, others are not. The latter seem to have lost this the Emperor appointed his uncle as balambaras, feature since the marked nominative system may and, early the following year, UÂqaqÂn Ðblatten be reconstructed for Cushitic (Sasse 1984). geta (GuiIyas 234, 237 [tr.]). As to word order, L.E.C. must be divided L. became the principal rival of ras ËMikaÑel into rigid S[ubject]–O[bject]–V[erb][ubject]–O[bject]–V[erb]ubject]–O[bject]–V[erb] languages S½Ful of T½gray, to whom B½rhan Mogäsa turned (tAfar-S?ho) and all other languages “giving up to buttress her power. He was very active in the a rigid SOV syntax – or, rather, failing to imple- complex shifting coalitions which marked the ment it, if Tosco’s (1994) preliminary reconstruc- late 1760s and early 1770s (BruNile vol. 2, 667ff., tion of Proto-East Cushitic syntax is accepted” 675–80, 691–95), but the assassination of IyoÑas (Tosco 2000:95f.). by MikaÑel in 1769 undercut his position and he Src.: Raymond G. Gordon (ed.), Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Dallas, TX 152005. soon dropped out of contention. L. made one no- Lit.: Paul Black, Lowland East Cushitic: Subgrouping table re-appearance, when, in February 1783, he and Reconstruction, Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1974; met with aTe ËTäklä Giyorgis and was baptized Richard J. Hayward, “The Qawho Dialects and Yaaku”, (most probably being earlier a Muslim), along Abbay 9, 1978, 59–70; Id., “Comparative Notes on the with many of his followers (BlunChr 56f., 282f.). Language of the S’aamakko”, Journal of Afroasiatic Lan- guages 2, 1989, 1–53; Robert Hetzron, “The Limits of Src.: BlunChr 56f, 282f.; BruNile vol. 2, 659, 667ff., 675– Cushitic”, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 2, 1980, 7–126; 80, 691–95; GuiIyas 165, 193, 225, 228 [text], 175, 203, Roland Kiessling, “South Cushitic Links to East Cus- 234, 237 [tr.]. hitic”, in: Andrzej Zaborski (ed.), New Data and New Lit.: CrumLand 111f. Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics. Robert Hetzron in Me- Donald Crummey moriam, Wiesbaden 2001, 95–102; Maria-Rosa Lloret, “Implosive Consonants”, Belgian Journal of Linguistics Lucy ËAustralopitecus afarensis 9, 1994–95, 59–72; Ead., “The Representation of Glottals in Oromo”, Phonology 12, 1995, 257–80; Hans-Jürgen Ludolf, Hiob Sasse, “Die kuschitischen Sprachen”, in: Bernd Heine L. (older form Job Leutholf, b. 24 June 1624, Er- – Thilo C. Schadeberg – Ekkehard Wolff (eds.), Die Sprachen Afrikas, Hamburg 1981, 187–215;; Id., “Case furt, d. 8 April 1704, Frankfurt on the Main) was in Cushitic, Semitic and Berber”, in: James Bynon (ed.), the founder of ËEthiopian studies as an academ- Current Process in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics: Papers of the ic discipline. His parents were Hiob L. and Ju- Third International Hamito-Semitic Congress, Amster- dith, née Brandt. He entered Erfurt University in dam 1984, 111–26; Mauro Tosco, “The Historical Syn- 1639 to study medicine and law, but also music as tax of East Cushitic: a First Sketch”, in: Thomas Bearth et al. (eds.), Perspektiven afrikanistischer Forschung. Bei- well as Oriental languages and literature, includ- träge zur Linguistik, Ethnologie, Geschichte, Philosophie ing G½t½z, Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic. Among 601 Ludolf, Hiob In 1651 L. returned to Erfurt, and in 1652 he entered the service of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe- Gotha-Altenburg. The Duke, who was par- ticularly interested in the land of ËPrester John which at that time was still supposed to be in Ethiopia, suggested that L. invite Gorgoryos to Ernst’s castle Friedenstein in Gotha. L. used the three months of Gorgoryos’s stay to continue his work on G½t½z and Amharic dictionaries. L. re- corded his conversations with the monk and used them later for his Sciagraphia historiae Aethiopicae (1676), Historia Aethiopica (1681) and, especially, Theologia Aethiopica (ed. Uhlig 1983). Back in Rome, Gorgoryos continued to act as L.’s in- formant through their correspondence (for the letter exchange s. Flemming 1890–94). In 1652 L. was appointed a counsellor to the Reichstag in Regensburg, and in 1653 he started teaching the Duke’s son Frederick. After receiv- ing doctorate in jurisprudence in 1658 L. was ap- pointed court counsellor, in which function he thereafter advised several German royal courts The only known portrait of Hiob Ludolf, 1652, published on questions of politics, diplomacy and finance in his Historia Aethiopica; from Uhlig 1983, part a, frontispiece (Uhlig 1983:40). L. married Emilia Maria Dimpler in 1661. In his teachers were the theologian Bartholomaeus the same year his G½t½z dictionary and grammar Elsner and the Orientalist Karnrad, whose G½t½z (modelled upon Thomas Erpenius’s Grammatica grammar L. would later correct. He graduated in arabica, 1613) were published in London, some- Law in 1645 and thereafter continued his philo- what carelessly edited by L.’s student Johann logical studies in Leiden. In addition to famil- Michael ËWansleben (in 1699 a revised edition iarizing himself with a considerable number of appeared in Frankfurt [Main]). In 1663 L. gained Oriental languages, L. also acquired an extensive Duke Ernst’s consent to finance a mission led by knowledge of many European tongues. He com- Wansleben to Ethiopia; the latter, however, only pleted his studies by travelling widely across Eu- got as far as Egypt. From 1664 to 1670 L. was rope, from 1646 accompanying a Dutch noble- the court director of the Duke, a position he re- man to France and England, and while in Oxford sumed in 1675 under Frederick. in 1648 he was briefly able to study the Ethiopian After the death of his wife in 1676, L. retired from manuscripts of the ËBodleian Library. political office and moved to Frankfurt where he In 1648 L. became private instructor at the devoted himself to Ethiopian studies. However, he house of Baron von Rosenhahn, the Swedish en- continued to serve on individual missions when his voy in Paris, who soon, at the behest of Queen expertise was requested for the public good, and Christina of Sweden, sent his new employee to in 1679 Emperor Leopold I called him to Prague Rome to search for Swedish documents. Whilst to try to achieve alliance with Ethiopia against the the documents remained untraceable, this voyage ËOttoman empire. L.’s “letter to the Ethiopian became fundamental for L.’s interest in Ethiopia. Nation” was written in G½t½z after the siege of In 1649 in Rome he met four Ethiopian monks Vienna in 1683 (van Donzel 1974, passim; Uhlig from ËSanto Stefano dei Mori, and one of them, 1983:284–90). For his help, L. received the title abba ËGorgoryos from Mäkanä ¡½llase, became Kaiserlicher Rat (‘Imperial councillor’; Hammer- L.’s teacher of G½t½z and main informant. Their schmidt 1987). From 1681 to 1685 he was senior regular meetings between March and May 1649 advisor to Kurfürst Carl of Palatia. In this capacity formed the basis for L.’s subsequent research into he participated in negotiations between Germany Ethio-Semitic languages as well as Ethiopian his- and France in 1682. That year he also married his tory, culture, literature and Christianity. second wife, Anna Katharina Müller. 602 Lule Täsfaye Whereas L.’s attempts to establish a diplomatic antehac editam Commentarius …, Francofurti ad Moenum contact with Ethiopia in the early 1680s were un- 1691; Id., Grammatica linguae Amharicae, Francofurti ad Moenum 1698; Id., Lexicon Amharico–Latinum, Franco- successful, his two letters, to the Ethiopian Nation furti ad Moenum 1698b; Id., [Jobi Ludolfi] Relatio nova and the ËbaIÂr nägaš, remaining unanswered, the de hodierno Habeßiniae statu …, Francofurti ad Moenum same cannot be said about his scholarly endeav- 1693; Id., Lexicon Amharico-Latinum …, Francofurti ad ours.