Solid State Battery Technology WORLD BANK – ESMAP Stakeholders Meeting Pretoria, South Africa January 21, 2020 WHY SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY ? 1. Cost Reduction in the long run compared to current technologies • Savings on the anode and separator elements 2. Higher Energy Density • Longer duration stationary applications; longer range for mobility 3. Safety PRINCIPLES OF SOLID-STATE BATTERY TECHNOLOGY 1. There is no liquid or gel • The liquid or gel electrolyte is replaced by a ‘solid-state’ layer • Electrolyte could be ceramic, glass, or plastic-like polymer 2. Solid electrolyte allows for higher density • More energy contained in smaller space/area 3. Traditionally challenging to manufacture 4. Growing installation footprint today → Big potential for hot climates, high tolerance to ambient heat without need of cooling systems MAIN CHALLENGES OF TOMORROW’S BATTERY 1) Cost 2) Safety 3) Density ➢ Raw material costs (re-use via ➢ 0 risk of fire ➢ Long energy delivery recycling) ➢ 0 risk of explosion ➢ Autonomy/range required for ➢ electro mobility Continuous Process ➢ 0 risk of leakage ➢ Suppression of formation of ➢ 0 risk of gas emissions migrating ions (SEI) ➢ Scaling 4) Service Life 5) Traceability / Ethical 6) Life Cycle ➢ Calendar life > 15 years Sourcing ➢ 100% recyclable ➢ Cyclability depending on ➢ Responsible extraction ➢ Close loop material applications (> 4000 for daily use; ➢ Full material traceability reuse > 1500 for EV) ➢ Constant performance: no loss of capacity An R&D priority shared by all manufacturers: the solid battery SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS Anode : Lithium foil - SAFETY PERFORMANCE Electrolyte : PEO + Lithium salts ➢ No thermal runaway ➢ Service Life > 12 years Cathode: LiFePO4 ↔ ROBUST ➢ Cyclability > 4000 cycles Li FePO + xLi+ +x e- 1-x 4 ➢ Suitable for hot climates ➢ Constant Capacity → Africa, South Asia, Tropical Islands ➢ Long Duration (>C/2) Current collector : Aluminum foil + ➢ No cooling needed Cathode: LiFePO4 DENSITY SUSTAINABILITY ↔ + - ➢ 230 Wh/kg ➢ No Cobalt / Nickel Li1-xFePO4 + xLi +x e ➢ 360 Wh/L ➢ No Rare Earths Electrolyte : PEO + Lithium salts ➢ No Solvents Cells LIMITATIONS ➢ Not suitable for power applications (nominal discharge C/2) Modules ➢ Electrolyte conductivity from 60 °C LITHIUM METAL POLYMER - LMP® TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURING PROCESS Cells Pack DC cabinet Module 3 1 2 Extrusion of ultra thin films used as Assembly of modules to create packs Manufacturing of cells by stacking of anodes, electrolytes (electromobility) or a set of DC cabinets films to create modules and cathodes for stationary applications 6 Thank you! Francisco DaSilva Passos [email protected] Adrian Tylim [email protected] Additional Notes MICROGRIDS USING SOLID-STATE BATTERY TECHNOLOGY LMP IS THE #1 OF STORAGE TECHNOLOGY IN AFRICA WITH MORE THAN 7 MWH ALREADY OPERATIONAL AND MORE THAN 9 MWH UNDER DEVELOPMENT Bluezone Canal Olympia Under development CanalOlympia 1 Togo – Cacavelli 1 Cameroon – Yaoundé Guinea – Tombolia 145 kWp - 360 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 2 Niger – Dosso 2 Cameroon – Douala Congo – Pointe Noire 70 kWp - 180 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 3 3 Guinea – Kaloum Guinea – Conakry Congo – Oyo 145 kWp - 360 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 4 4 Guinea – Dixinn Togo – Lomé Nigeria 145 kWp - 360 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 300 kWp - 800 kWh 9 9 2 5 6 5 Benin – Cotonou Togo – Lomé Rwanda – Kigali 7 8 145 kWp - 360 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 4 3 6 6 Guinea – Yataya 6 Niger – Niamey + 10 other countries 3 50 kWp - 90 kWh 7 145 kWp - 400 kWh 8 7 7 Guinea – Sonfonia Burkina – Ouagadougou 50 kWp - 90 kWh 1 5 145 kWp - 400 kWh Mini-Grids 10 8 5 4 8 Guinea – Kagbelen Burkina – Ouagadougou Tanzania – Kigali 1 1 2 50 kWp - 90 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 100 kWh 2 9 Niger – Niamey 9 Senegal – Dakar Benin 70 kWp - 180 kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 3,5 MWp - 4 MWh Bluebus 10 Benin – Cotonou Madagascar – North 145 kWp - 400 kWh 11 645 kWp - 1000 kWh 12 1 Ivory Coast – Abidjan 11 Gabon – Port Gentil Sierra Leone – North 70 kWp - 180kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 155 kWp - 400 kWh 2 Cameroon – Yaoundé 12 Congo – Brazzaville Guinea 70 kWp - 180kWh 145 kWp - 400 kWh 155 kWp - 400 kWh 13 Madagascar – Antananarivo 145 kWp - 400 kWh 9 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES IN SOLID STATE TECHNOLOGY ANODE CATHODE 1 3 1 - Mastery of manufacturing processes for Lithium 2 Metal films: ➢ Use of high potential materials ➢ Homogeneous thickness of only a few µm ➢ Interface compatibility with electrolyte ➢ Smooth surface 3 ➢ Purity ➢ Interface compatibility with electrolyte + 2 ELECTROLYTE CELL ➢ Solid membrane w/ high mechanical resistance ➢ Prevention of dendrite formation ➢ Mastery of significantly different ➢ Good conductivity manufacturing process ➢ Cost Control and density aspects compared to a ➢ Continuous Manufacturing Process liquid electrolyte ➢ Absence of Solvents ➢ Capacity to withstand voltage Solid-State Cells Manufacturing.