Electronic document provided by Department of Entomology, Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Stored Product Management (Revised from Management of Grain, Bulk Commodites, and Bagged Products, E·912) Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University U. S. Department of Agriculture • Federal Grain Inspection Service U. S. Department of Agriculture. Extension Service U. S. Department of Agriculture • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service January 1995 Circular Number E·912 ii Table of Contents Foreword 3 Stored Product Integrated Pest Management 5 Part I: Grain Marketing 7 1. Grain Storability: An Overview 9 2. How Grain Moves Through the Marketing System 13 3. Comparison of Grain Marketing in Major Grain·producing Countries 21 4. Stored Grain Losses Due to Insects and Molds and the Importance of Proper Grain Management 29 Part II: Grain Inspection 33 5. The FGIS' Role in Grain Inspection 35 6. The FDA's Role in Grain Inspection 45 7. The Role of APHIS in Grain Inspection and Export Certification 47 8. Commodity Programs 51 9. Foreign Agricultural Service Role in Grain Marketing 55 10. OSHA Requirements and Worker Safety 59 Part III: Grain Management 63 11. How to Sample Grain for Insects 65 12. Stored Grain Management Techniques 71 13. Stored·product Insects and Biological Control Agents 85 14. Occurrence of Insects in Stored Corn 103 15. Mycotoxins 111 16. EPA Regulations for Stored Grain 119 17. Chemical Management 133 18. Pesticide Alternatives 137 19. Practical Fumigation Considerations 139 20. Closed Loop Fumigation Systems 153 21. Resistance to Chemicals 163 (continued) iii Part IV: Commodity Inspection and Management 167 22. FDA and FGIS Commodity Inspection for Insects 169 23. How to Use Insect Traps in a Warehouse 173 24. The Design of Traps for Stored-product Insects 179 25. Identification of Common Dermestids 187 Part V: Integrated Pest Management 197 26. Why Stored Product Integrated Pest Management is Needed 199 27. IPM in Grain Storage and Bulk Commodities 201 28. Automatic Sample Inspection and In-Bin Monitoring of Stored-Grain Insects using Acoustical Sensors 207 29. Ecology of Insect Pests of Stored Wheat 211 30. Modified Atmospheres: An Alternative to Chemical Fumigants 215 31. Biologicals: Insect Diseases, Insect Parasites, and Predators 219 32. Vetebrate Pest Management in Grain Storage Facilities 227 Directory of Authors 239 iv Stored Product Management (Revised from Management of Grain, Bulk CommoditIes, and Bagged Products, E-912) Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University U. S. Department of Agriculture • Federal Grain Inspection Service U. S. Department of Agriculture· Extension Service U. S. Department of Agriculture • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Vera Krischik Organizer, GIITF and Entomologist USDA-FGIS Gerrlt Cuperus Integrated Pest Management Coordinator Oklahoma State University David Galliart Chairman, GIITF and Deputy Administrator USDA-FGIS Published December 1991, Revised January 1995 2 Foreword This publication was made possible by the efforts of the FGIS made possible the publication of this book. In USDA's Grain Insect Interagency Task Force (GIITF), a addition, support from the Division of Agricultural Sciences committee whose function is to promote good grain quality and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, con· through policy development and education. The manual tributed greatly to the development of this publication. was developed to provide information on grain marketing and management practices to growers, handlers, proces· Vera Krischik sors, inspectors, and buyers. Clear, concise chapters Organizer, GIITF and Entomologist containing relevant information on the marketing system USDA·FGIS and management practices can be used to improve prod· uct quality and food safety. GIITF's goal is to increase the Gerrit Cuperus awareness of all participants in the grain industry, from Integrated Pest Management Coordinator farmer to consumer, of their role in assuring a high stan· Oklahoma State University dard of quality. GIITF is administered by USDA·FGIS and is com· David Galliart posed of members from USDA·APHIS, USDA·ARS, USDA· Chairman, GIITF and Deputy ASCS, USDA·ES, USDA·FGIS, EPA, and FDA. Financial Administrator USDA·FGIS contributions from USDA·APHIS, USDA·ES, and USDA· 3 4 Stored Product Integrated Pest Management Gerrit Cuperus, Oklahoma State University Vera Krischik, USDA-FGIS and Institute of Ecosystem Studies Who's Responsible issues Phytosanitary Certificates that verify that grain ship­ ments are free of quarantined pests or weed seeds. for Quality and Safety? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) works in Grain marketing in the United States is based on the free­ cooperation with the FGIS through a Memorandum of enterprise system and is not controlled by the government, Understanding. The FDA is a regulatory agency which is as is the case in many other grain-producing countries. In responsible for keeping the U.S. food supply wholesome. the United States, the government serves as an unbiased The FDA can condemn grain contaminated with high levels third party and is not directly involved in grain marketing. of insect damaged kernels (IDK), mycotoxins, or pesti­ Three United States agencies work together and provide cides, or commodities contaminated with animal or insect services necessary for grain inspection. filth (insect fragments) above the established tolerances. The USDA-FGIS (Federal Grain Inspection Service) These must be kept out of the food supply by the FDA. must inspect grain at export. The FGIS is a non-regulatory One of the aims of this handbook is to clarify the juris­ agency that inspects and grades grain based on standards dictions and responsibilities of the numerous agencies and procedures established in cooperation with market­ involved in facilitating grain marketing in the United States. ers. Alterations in grain standards can only be accom­ As one learns more about the system, it becomes appar­ plished through dialogue among congressional commit­ ent that grain quality is an issue with which every govern­ tees, the FGIS, and grain marketers. Specifically, U.S. law ment agency, trade group, and grower should be con­ states that government agencies shall: cerned. The perception of U.S. grain as a high-quality 1) Define uniform and acceptable descriptive terms to product must be maintained in order for the U.S. to com­ facilitate grain trade; pete in a world economy that is experiencing a grain sur­ 2) Provide the necessary information to help determine plus. grain storability; Many groups involved with the grain industry attempt 3) Offer users of such standards information to help to hold one component responsible for grain quality, whether determine end-product yield and quality; it is the producer, exporter, terminal elevator, or subtermi­ 4) Provide the framework necessary to establish grain nal elevator. Yet, when the system is examined, it is quality improvement incentives; apparent that everyone involved in the grain system must 5) Reflect the economic value-based characteristics for share responsibility or stewardship to prevent: 1) contami­ the end users of grain; and nation by illegal pesticides, mycotoxins, or other hazards; 6) Accommodate scientific advances in testing and new 2) accidental poisonings; and 3) grain quality deterioration. knowledge concerning factors related to, or highly All components must responsibly use fumigants and other correlated with, the end-use performance of grain. treatments to ensure worker safety and the safety of the food supply. If a truckload of contaminated grain is not de­ USDA-APHIS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Serv- tected at a local elevator, it may cause significant contami­ ice) is a regulatory agency most known for its quarantine nation at that elevator, the terminal elevator, or at export. programs and its policies regulating imports. APHIS also More significantly, lack of stewardship can threaten the se- 5 curity of the entire food system and create losses in world nary approach to managing stored-product pests. This markets that are already made unstable by over-produc­ approach combines numerous tactics, including proper tion. sanitation, aeration, chemical control, reduced atmos­ The purpose of this handbook is to provide grain pheres, biological control, insect traps for detecting Insect growers, handlers, marketers, and inspectors with precise populations, and decreased pesticide usage. These tac­ and up-to-date information on each group's responsibili­ tics help to ensure worker safety and reduce residue ties. Also, the handbook is designed to provide access to levels. It is hoped that this handbook will provide exposure techniques and technologies for maintaining high grain to IPM concepts and contacts, references, and other and commodity quality. The concept of Integrated Pest information to help individuals associated with grain mar­ Management (IPM) is emphasized. IPM is a multi-discipli- keting do their best to maintain a high-quality product. 0 6 Part I: Grain Marketing 1. Grain Storability: An Overview 9 Kim Anderson, Oklahoma State University Henry Bahn, USDA·ES Ronald Noyes, Oklahoma State University 2. How Grain Moves Through the Marketing System 13 Vera Krischik, USDA·FGIS and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies David Shipman, USDA·FGIS Richard Stuckey, National