UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ Same River Twice: Restoration Politics, Water Policy, and Dam Removal A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Environmental Studies by Peter Kimball Brewitt June 2014 The Dissertation of Peter Kimball Brewitt is approved: ______________________________ Professor Daniel M. Press, Chair ______________________________ Professor Karen D. Holl ______________________________ Professor Zdravka P. Tzankova ____________________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Peter Kimball Brewitt 2014 Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii Dedication ............................................................................................................................ x Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Dam Removal on the American West Coast ........................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 2 Case Selection ........................................................................................................................... 11 Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Dissertation Structure ........................................................................................................... 16 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Analytical Framework and Literature Review ............................... 22 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 22 Actor-Centered Frameworks ............................................................................................... 23 Framing ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Venue Shopping ....................................................................................................................... 32 Coalitions .................................................................................................................................... 36 Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 39 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................... 46 Interviews .................................................................................................................................. 51 Chapter 3: Marmot Dam and the Bull Run Project .............................................. 52 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 52 History ......................................................................................................................................... 53 Fish, Dams, and the Sandy River ......................................................................................... 55 Relicensing and Surrender ................................................................................................... 59 The Silt ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 Roslyn Lake .............................................................................................................................................. 70 The Fish ..................................................................................................................................................... 75 Working Against a Deadline ................................................................................................ 80 Moving the Silt ................................ ................................................................ ........................................ 84 Negotiating Roslyn Lake Away .......................................................................................................... 86 Managing the Fish ................................................................................................................................. 89 Removal ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 97 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................ 104 Chapter 4: The Elwha Dams ...................................................................................... 115 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 115 History ...................................................................................................................................... 116 Political Stirrings .................................................................................................................. 125 iii Battle is Joined ....................................................................................................................... 130 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 136 Jurisdiction ............................................................................................................................................. 136 Restoration ............................................................................................................................................. 138 Economics ............................................................................................................................................... 144 Framing the Dams ............................................................................................................................... 146 The Issue Expands ................................................................................................................ 154 The Elwha Act ........................................................................................................................ 162 REALpolitik ............................................................................................................................. 166 Slade Gorton ........................................................................................................................... 171 The CitiZens’ Advisory Group ........................................................................................... 173 Funding .................................................................................................................................... 183 How to Free the Elwha ........................................................................................................ 190 Dam Removal ......................................................................................................................... 194 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 196 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................ 205 Interviews ............................................................................................................................... 230 Chapter 5: Savage Rapids Dam ................................................................................ 233 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 233 History ...................................................................................................................................... 234 Savage Rapids on the Agenda ........................................................................................... 240 What to Do? ............................................................................................................................. 243 Save the Dam .......................................................................................................................... 246 Deciding Dam Removal ....................................................................................................... 248 Why? .......................................................................................................................................... 252 Turning to Salem .................................................................................................................