PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series C - No. 109 URAK LA wor: BASIC STRUCTURES AND A DICTIONARY David W. Hogan in collaboration with Stephen W. Pattemore Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Hogan, D. and Pattemore, S.W. Urak Lawoi: Basic structures and dictionary. C-109, viii + 218 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-C109.cover ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES C: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A. Wunn EDITORIAL BOARD: D.C. Laycock, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton, M.D. Ross EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender H.P. McKaughan University of Hawaii University of Hawaii David Bradley P. Milhlhausler La Trobe University Bond University Michael G. Clyne G.N. O'Grady Monash University University of Victoria, B.C. S.H. Elbert A.K. Pawley University of Hawaii University of Auckland KJ. Franklin K.L. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W. Grace Gillian Sankoff University of Hawaii University of Pennsylvania M.A.K. Halliday W.A.L. Stokhof University of Sydney University of Leiden E. Haugen B.K. T'sou Harvard University City Polytechnic of Hong Kong A. Healey E.M. Uhlenbeck Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Leiden L.A. Hercus l.w.M. Verhaar Australian National University Divine Word Institute, Madang John Lynch c.L. Voorhoeve University of Papua New Guinea University of Leiden K.A. McElhanon Summer Institute of Linguistics All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Australia Copyright © The Authors Computer typeset by Evelyn H.M. Winburn First Published 1988 Printed by A.N.U. Printing Service Maps drawn by Theo Baumann Bound by Adriatic Bookbinders Pty Ltd The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. ISSN 0078-7558 ISBN 085883 3859 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV MAP OF 1RIBALLOCATIONS ON TIIEWEST COAST OF SOUTH THAILAND V ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS vi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Study 1 1.2 Geographical, historical, and linguistic setting of Urak: Lawoi' 1 1.3 Theoretical framework adopted for the description 4 1.4 Methodology and phonemic alphabet 5 2 PHONEME LEVEL 2.1 Outline of the syllable and word 11 2.2 Phonetic structure of the phoneme 13 2.3 Suprasegmental Features 24 2.4 Function of the phoneme in the syllable 28 2.5 Variations found in Adang and Phuket Young People dialects 34 3 WORD LEVEL 3.1 Structure of the word 37 3.2 Function of the word 45 4 PHRASE LEVEL 4.1 Types of phrase structure 71 4.2 Classes of phrase fu nction 91 NOTES 95 REFERENCES 96 URAK LAwor -ENGLISH DICTIONARY Introduction 99 Notes on pronunciation 101 DictionaryAbbreviations 102 Urak: Lawoi'-English dictionary 103 ENGLISH-URAK LAwor FINDERLIST 161 APPENDIX 209 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to all who have assisted me in the study of the Urak Lawoi' language. I have had much help from members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and the United Bible Societies. I am indebted to Mr Robert Petterson and the Computer Centre of Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, for their assistance in compiling the computer concordance used in the analysis of this language. For the help of the late Nai Wong and my other Urak Lawoi' informants, and for all the help and encouragement of my wife, Doreen, I give grateful thanks indeed. David W. Hogan Phuket, 13th March 1989 iv ANDAMAN 100' GULF OF SIA M 10' 10' Q Ko Phsngan , a UKOS.mU; ItfOKEN o SURATTHANI i SI Chon • B�an Plak Pia N D Ban Pak Sal Chawang • NAKHON SI THAMMARAT . \• Ban Pak Phraek 8' 8' ehs Uat 50 100 . , I Kilometres URAK LAWOI' � S�UNt._. Ko Tarutao • . ( S�dao ,OD .I " _' --'-', � ._., ......... """! . Strait of MaI AdlJngace Group a '-'Pu/au 0,-. Kuala Penis "', 98' Longkow; "" MALAYSIA ) TRIBAL LOCATIONS ON THAILAND'S WEST COAST v ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Acc: Accompaniment Adjunct slot at NP Noun Phrase Clause Level Obj: Object slot at Clause Level AD Adang or Southern dialect Obs Obsolete word Adj: Adjunct slot in the verb phrase Paren: Parenthetical slot at Sentence Level Aux: Auxiliary slot in the verb phrase POL Proto Orang Laut Ax: Axis slot in the prepositional phrase POP Phuket Old People's dialect C any consonant Pos: Possessor slot in the noun phrase CLW Chinese loanword PP Prepositional Phrase Co: Coda slot at Clause Level Pred: Predicateslot at Clause Level ELW English loanword PWI Proto Western Indonesian Ex: Extent Adjunct slot at Clause Level PYP Phuket Young People's dialect Faux: Final auxiliary slot in the verb phrase Qn: Quantifier slot at Phrase Level H: Head slot in the noun phrase Subj: Subject slot at Clause Level HV: Head verb slot in the verb phrase Tern: Temporal Adjunct slot at Clause Inst: Instrumental Adjunct slot at Clause Level Level Top: Topic slot at Sentence Level Int: Intensifierslot in the verb phrase TLW Thai loanword Loc: LocationAdjunct slot at Clause Level U Utterance Man: Manner Adjunct slot at Clause Level UL Urak Lawoi' Maux: Modal auxiliary slot in the verb V any vowel phrase Voc Vocative word Mf: Final marker slot in the noun phrase VP Verb Phrase Mi: Initial marker slot in the noun phrase VPac Action Verb Phrase MKL Moklen VPeq Equative Verb Phrase MKN Moken VPst Stative Verb Phrase MLW Malay loanword Vul Vulgar word Mod: Modifier slot at Phrase Level apt auxiliary particle N any nasal consonant av ad verbs of all classes vi Vll ava adverb of accompaniment npl proper noun, locational ave adverb of extent npp proper noun, personal avi adverb of instrument num simple or complex numeral, or a number plus a numerical classifier avl adverb of location pn pronouns of all classes avm adverb of manner ppn personal pronoun avq adverb of interrogation ppt prepositional particle avt adverb of time prep specific preposition cc coordinating conjunction pt particle cl classifier qpn interrogative pronoun clm classifier, metrical qpt interrogativeparticle cln classifier, numerical res response word cpt conjunctive particle rpn relative pronoun cs subordinating conjunction spt syntactic particle csf fmal subordinating conjunction vac action verb dpn demonstrative pronoun vacbt action verb, bi-transitive dpt finaldeterminer particle vaci action verb, intransitive dpti initial determiner particle vact action verb, transitive ept emphatic particle vaj adjectival verb exc exclamation vaux auxiliary verb excl pronoun which excludes the person addressed vb verb incl pronoun which includes the person vcop copula verb addressed vpt verbal particle ipn indefinite pronoun vsp verb of saying or perceiving mpt modal particle # marker of elicited text nab abstract noun * marker of unacceptable text nca common noun, animate + an item obligatorily present nch common noun, human an item obligatorily absent nci common noun, inanimate ± an optional item ncl noun cluster signals that the following syllable nco coordinated nouns bears major stress neg negative word signals that the following syllable bears minor stress nn nouns of all classes Hogan, D. and Pattemore, S.W. Urak Lawoi: Basic structures and dictionary. C-109, viii + 218 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-C109.cover ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and scope of the study The purpose of this work is to analyse and describe the basic structures of the Urak Lawoi' language and their functions. These structures and fu nctions range from the phonology to the level of the phrase. There is no standard form of Urak Lawoi' and pronunciation and usage vary from village to village. Three main dialects of the language have been identified, which have been called: Phuket Old People's dialect (POP), Phuket Young People's dialect (PYP), and the Southern or Adang dialect (AD). This study concentrates on the Phuket Old People's dialect as it has the most phonological contrasts, and many of the forms of the other dialects can be derived from it. Reference is made to the other dialects where it is appropriate. 1.2 Geographical, historical, and linguistic setting of Urak Lawoi' 1.2.1 Geographical The Urak Lawoi' are a tribe of approximately 3000people, located in villages on the islands off the west coast of Thailand from Phuket Island to the Adang Island group, as shown on the location map. Phonernically, their name Urak Lawoi' is written as lurak lawocl meaning "men of the sea". Malay sources refer to them as Orang Laut, the Malay term for "men of the sea". 1.2.2 Historical Historically, there have been references to "Sea Gypsies" in this area since the seventeenth century, although the details are vague. The Urak Lawoi' themselves say that Lanta Island is their original home from which they have spread to their present locations. Their legends refer to Mount Jerai on the mainland of Malaysia, near Penang, as their centre in the remote past. When Sopher published his study of "The Sea Nomads" in 1965, he referred only briefly to the "Orang Laut", quoting Annandale (Annandale and Robinson 1903) as having met them in the vicinity of Trang.