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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zaab Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 4AI06 $ 75-3045 DAVIS. Richard Miles. 1940- DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN ECONOMIC-ENVIRONMENTAL TRADE-OFF MODEL FOR LAND USE PLANNING. The Ohio State University* Ph.D., 1974 Geography Xerox University Microfilms , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 t © 1974 RICHARD MILES DAVIS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN ECONOMIC- ENVIRONMENTAL TRADE-OFF MODEL FOR LAND USE PLANNING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Richard Miles Davis, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved by Henry L , Hunker Howard 1 [i, Gauthier Robert 1S. Roth Iviser Depart t of Geography DEDICATION To Beverly, Sandy and Dick 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several Individuals and organizations were instrumental in assisting me to the successful completion of this research. I am indebted to my adviser, Professor Henry L. Hunker, and the other members of my reading committee, Professors Howard L. Gauthier and Robert E. Roth, who so ably performed their duty of providing advice and counsel throughout the program. Valuable assistance was received from colleagues Mr. Frederick K. Goodman who assisted in the programming of the model and Dr. Gary S. Stacey who assisted in the initial formulation of the regional analysis, and Mrs. Barbara Coles who aided and abetted In the entire venture by assisting with data reduction and typing the draft manu­ script. 1 also acknowledge the institutional support received from Battelle's Columbus Laboratories so I could direct my efforts toward the completion of this work. Most of all I acknowledge the constant patience and encourage- ment received from the Family Committee chaired by Beverly Ann, my wife, and staffed by Sandra Lynn and Richard Miles, Jr., my children, who unquestionably have been as much affected by this educational experience as I. i i ill VITA May 25, 1940. Born - Cambridge, Massachusetts 1963........... B.A., Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 1963-1969 . Research Scientist, Travelers Research Corp­ oration, Hartford, Connecticut 1969........... M.A., Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 1969-1971 . Research Economist, Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 1971-1974 . Manager, Regional Centers Program, Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Measuring Impacts of Urban Water Development", Water Resources Bulletin, v. 7, No. 4, pp. 661-669, August 1971. "Police Management Techniques for the Medlum-Slze Community", The Police Chief, v. 37, No. 7, pp. 44-50, July 1970. "Development of an Economic-Environmental Trade-Off Model for Industrial Land Use Planning", The Review of Regional Studies, v. 4, No. 1, to be published, Spring 1975. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Resource Management and Regional Development Studies In Climatology. Dr. Robert Batchelder Studies In Water Resources. Dr. Paul Bock Studies in Public Administration. Dr. Clyde McKee Studies in Resource Management. Drs. Henry L. Hunker and Robert E, Roth Studies In Regional Development, Dr. Howard L. Gauthier lv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................. 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................ Ill VITA...................................................... lv LIST OF TABLES............................................ vil LIST OF FIGURES.......................................... lx Chapter I. INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 Problem Statement Dissertation Organization II. REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF RELEVANT LITERATURE............ 10 Organization • The Early Environmental/Conservation Movement III. THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL............................... 53 Restatement of Problem Overview of the Conceptual Model Regional County Model (Submodel 1) Site-Evaluation Model (Submodel 2) IV. DESCRIPTION AND DATA PREPARATION FOR THE CASE STUDY AREA............................................. 73 Identification of Study Area Data Preparation for the Regional Analysis Submodel (Submodel 1) Data Preparation for the Site Analysis Submodel (Submodel 2) Environmental Overlays Economic Overlays v Page V. MODEL APPLICATION AND RESULTS OF ANALYSIS......... 139 Overview of Model Experimentation Experimentation with Submodels Model Experimentation and Results of Analyses . 147 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..... .................. 162 Review of Propositions Strengths of the Model Recommendations for Further Reseorch APPENDIX A. REVIEW OF SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES...................................... 170 B. LAND AREA REQUIREMENTS OF SELECTED INDUSTRY AND TEST OF LINEARITY OF LAND COEFFICIENTS.......... 186 C. DEVELOPING A REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUTMODEL ................194 D. MODEL SENSITIVITY TO FAMILY SIZE AND IN-MIGRATION RATES............................................. 202 E. RESULTS OF IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR 300 NEW EMPLOYEES BY SECTOR DERIVED FROM SUBMODEL 1....................... 206 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................... 230 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Land Disposal Summary........................ 15 2. National Trends in Urbanization................... 18 3. State Air Quality Program Elements, 1970............ 26 4. State Water Quality Program Elements, 1970.......... 27 5* Criteria Used to Evaluate Environmental Assessment Methodologies ...................................... 37 6, Environmental Assessment Methodologies Evaluated..... 39 7. Methodology Evaluation Summary Chart................ 43 6* Interrelationships Among Regions................... 49 9. Summary Organization of the Interregional Economic- Ecologlc Activity Analysis Framework................ 50 10* Criteria Used to Develop Industry Profiles.......... 64 11. Candidate Suitability Criteria Considered for Submodel 2. 68 12. Growth of Charleston Region, 1960-1970.............. 77 13. Employment Distribution In Percent for the United States and Coastal Plains Region, and in Percent and Numbers for the Charleston Region, 1970 ...................... 78 14. Comparative Advantages of Charleston Region........ 81 15. Industry Classification of the 1967 Input-Output Tables . 89 16. Employment by Sector, Charleston Region, 1970 ......... 94 17. Adjusted Technical Coefficients, Charleston SMSA, 1970. 97 18. Dollar Values of Interindustry Transactions, Charleston SMSA, 1970....................................... 100 19. Coverage of Industrial Land Use Survey. ......... 107 vii Table Page 20. Analysis of Impacts on Selected Natural Resource Inputs, Waste Emissions, and Employment, Charleston SMSA, 1970. 109 21. Criteria for Evaluating Economic and Environmental Suitability of Sites................... 1161 22. Input Variables for Submodel 1......................... 142 23. Output Indicators for Submodel 1. ............ 143 24. Input Variables for Submodel 2......................... 145 25. Land Use Planning Model Experimentation ......... 148 26. Assessment of Impact of 300 New Employees in 23 Sectors in Charleston Region, 1970............................ 150 27. Summary of Impacts from 300 New Employees in Each Sector on Key Economic and Environmental Indicators for the Charleston Region, 1970 .............................. 152 28. Summary of Computation of Suitability Index for Five Select Sites..........................................158 29. Allocation of Three Proposed Industries to Five Representative Industrial SiteB ....................... 160 30. Land Area Requirements of Selected Industry