TEMPERAMENT IN BACH’S WELL-TEMPERED CLAVIER A historical survey and a new evaluation according to dissonance theory Sergio Martínez Ruiz Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Departament d’Art i de Musicologia Doctorate in Musicology Supervisor: Jordi Ballester i Gibert July 2011 INDEX FOREWORD..............................................................................................................................................5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................7 OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................................................8 A DECORATIVE SCROLL IN BACH’S MANUSCRIPT ....................................................................9 A HISTORICAL SURVEY .....................................................................................................................11 CARL PHILIPP EMANUEL BACH (1753)...................................................................................................11 ROBERT HALFORD MACDOWALL BOSANQUET (1876) ...........................................................................14 JAMES MURRAY BARBOUR (1947) .........................................................................................................15 HERBERT KELLETAT (1960) [KIRNBERGER III & KELLETAT] ................................................................15 HERBERT ANTON KELLNER (1977) [KELLNER]......................................................................................17 BERNHARD BILLETER (1977) [BILLETER I] ............................................................................................19 JOHN BARNES (1979, 1) [WERCKMEISTER III]........................................................................................20 JOHN BARNES (1979, 2) [BARNES] .........................................................................................................23 CLAUDIO DI VEROLI (1980) [TARTINI - VALLOTTI]................................................................................24 HERBERT ANTON KELLNER (1981) ........................................................................................................25 CLAUDIO DI VEROLI (1981)....................................................................................................................25 RALPH LEAVIS (1981) ............................................................................................................................26 PETER F. WILLIAMS (1983) ....................................................................................................................26 MARK LINDLEY (1985) ..........................................................................................................................27 MARK LINDLEY (1993) ..........................................................................................................................27 MARK LINDLEY (1994) [LINDLEY I & II] ...............................................................................................31 ANDREAS SPARSCHUH (1999) [SPARSCHUH]..........................................................................................37 MARTIN JIRA (2000) [JIRA I & II]...........................................................................................................40 MICHAEL ZAPF (2001) [ZAPF]................................................................................................................41 PAUL SIMMONDS (2003).........................................................................................................................44 KEITH BRIGGS (2003) [BRIGGS].............................................................................................................45 SERGIO MARTÍNEZ (2003-2004) [KIRNBERGER II].................................................................................47 JOHN CHARLES FRANCIS (2004) [FRANCIS I] .........................................................................................48 BRADLEY LEHMAN (2005, 1) [LEHMAN I & II].......................................................................................51 JOHN CHARLES FRANCIS (2005, 1) [FRANCIS II & III]............................................................................54 JOHN CHARLES FRANCIS (2005, 2).........................................................................................................57 JOHN CHARLES FRANCIS (2005, 3).........................................................................................................59 THOMAS DENT (2005) [DENT I, II & III] ................................................................................................60 DAVID PONSFORD (2005) [PONSFORD I & II] .........................................................................................64 DANIEL JENCKA (2005)..........................................................................................................................65 RICHARD MAUNDER (2005) [MAUNDER I, II & III]................................................................................65 CARL SLOAN (2005)...............................................................................................................................67 MARK LINDLEY (2005) ..........................................................................................................................67 KENNETH MOBBS AND ALEXANDER MACKENZIE OF ORD (2005) [MOBBS-MACKENZIE]......................67 STUART M. ISACOFF (2005) ...................................................................................................................68 EARLY MUSIC EDITOR (2005) ................................................................................................................69 BRADLEY LEHMAN (2005, 2) .................................................................................................................69 GEORGE LUCKTENBERG (2005) [LUCKTENBERG] ..................................................................................70 DANIEL JENCKA (2006) [JENCKA] ..........................................................................................................71 BRADLEY LEHMAN (2006, 1) [LEHMAN III] ...........................................................................................73 BRADLEY LEHMAN (2006, 2) .................................................................................................................74 MARK LINDLEY & IBO ORTGIES (2006) [LINDLEY-ORTGIES I & II].......................................................75 BRADLEY LEHMAN (2006, 3) .................................................................................................................77 JOHN O’DONNELL (2006) [O’DONNELL] ...............................................................................................78 BRADLEY LEHMAN (2006, 4) .................................................................................................................80 MIKLÓS SPÁNYI (2007) [KIRNBERGER II & SPÁNYI] .............................................................................81 GRAZIANO INTERBARTOLO & PAOLO VENTURINO (2007) [INTERBARTOLO-VENTURINO I, II & III]......86 PETER F. WILLIAMS (2007) ....................................................................................................................88 2 BERNHARD BILLETER (2008) [BILLETER IIA, IIB, IIIA & IIIB] ...............................................................89 EMILE JOBIN (2008) [JOBIN]...................................................................................................................92 CLAUDIO DI VEROLI (2009, 1) [BARNES] ...............................................................................................94 CLAUDIO DI VEROLI (2009, 2) [BARNES, DI VEROLI I & II] ...................................................................95 JOHN CHARLES FRANCIS (2011)...........................................................................................................100 THOMAS GLUECK [GLUECK]................................................................................................................101 THE BACH’S ‘1722 SEAL’.....................................................................................................................101 OTHERS ................................................................................................................................................102 MORE INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET ...............................................................................................103 SOME CONCLUSIONS ON THE MEANING AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DECORATIVE SCROLL ...............105 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................108 EVALUATION ACCORDING TO DISSONANCE THEORY.........................................................110 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SCALES, SPECTRA AND SCORES .............................................................110 PRINCIPLES OF THE EVALUATION METHOD ...........................................................................................111 AVAILABLE TOOLS ...............................................................................................................................111 Scales ..............................................................................................................................................112