Subject Index Body composition, 209-227 Aboriginal boys, 209-227 Boron deficiency, 98 genetic differences, 226 Brain effects, 135 Absorption Bran, iron-absorption effect, 49-50 definition, 41-42 Breast milk, 157-174 measurement techniques, 42-45,75-85 and dietary intake, 149 and trace element metabolism, 107-110 lead levels, 234,259 Acetazolamide, 127 trace elements in, 157-174 Acquired zinc deficiency, 2 Bromine isotope, 78 Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 2,11,18, 137-138 Air contamination, lead, 232-236 C Albumin, and plasma zinc, 104 Cadmium Alcoholism, and zinc, pregnancy, 145 immune-system effects, 98 Alkaline phosphatase, 21,35 iron and copper interaction, 53 Amino acids, and bioavailability, 47-48 pediatric aspects, 229-261 Amniotic fluid, 144,147 zinc interactions, 54 Anencephaly, 138 Calcium Anion species, absorption, 107-110 fecal excretion plots, 71-73 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, isotope whole-body content, age, 78 91-92 premature infant absorption, 75-77 Apparent absorption, 42 and trace element bioavailability, 49 Arginine, and tibial zinc, 48 Cancer, 103 Arrhythmias, copper deficiency, 4 Canned foods, lead, 232-234 Arsenic Carbohydrates immune system effect, 98 chromium effect, pregnancy, 148 pediatric aspects, 242-261 maternal manganese deficiency, 122 Ascorbic acid, 48-49 trace element effects, diet, 48 Ataxia, 123 Carboxypeptidase, 21 Autoantibodies, 93 Cardiomyopathy, 4,30,269,283,289 Cationic elements, 107-110 Celiac disease, 19 B Cell mass, 213-215,223 Balance techniques, 46-47,69-77 Cell-mediated immunity application, 69-77 common-pool absorption assumption, 70-71 selenium deficiency, 96 and dietary enrichment, 73-74 zinc deficiency, 89-92 homeostasis assumption, excretion, 112,117 Cell membrane, 22 Behavior; see also Central nervous system Central nervous system iron and zinc deficiency, 3 arsenic, 246-247 and prenatal zinc deficiency, 123,135 lead effects, 241 Bioavailability, 41-62; see also Absorption trace element deficiencies, 3,20 definition, 42,59-60 China, Keshan disease, 269,273-290 measurement techniques, 45-47 Chloride, 78 Birth weight; see also Very low birth weight Chlorothiazide, 18 and maternal plasma zinc, 126,142-143 Chromium, 263-264 serum copper influence, 146 in human milk and formulas, 158,165-166 Blacks intermediary metabolism, 110-111 genetic differences, 226-227 pregnancy, humans, 148 lead levels, 230-231 recommended dietary intake, 161-166 301 302 SUBJECT INDEX Chromium deficiency, 263-264 Dermatology, see Skin disease biochemistry, 29 Diabetes, 28-29 clinical manifestations, 3,29 Diet etiology, 28-29 lead exposure, 232-236 human pregnancy, 148 and trace element bioavailability, 47- in malnutrition, 202 52,108-110 Cobalt Dietary fiber, 49-50 immune-system effects, 97-98 DNA synthesis, and zinc, 22,93,122 intermediary metabolism, 110 Dopamine-p-hydroxylase, 27 iron interaction, absorption, 53 Down's syndrome, 288 Coffee, and iron absorption, 50 Drinking water, lead, 234-235,260-261 Committee on Nutrition of the American Dwarfism, 3,227 Academy of Pediatrics, 158-159,163 Common-pool assumption, 70-71 E Congenital ataxia, 123 Edema, 190 Congenital malformations; see also Fetal Egyptian dwarfs, 227 development Embryo, 121-123 zinc deficiency, 20,121-123,131,138-139 Environmental factors, 8,108-110 Copper Environmental sources, lead, 236-239, carbohydrate effect, 48 260 genetic differences, plasma levels, 226 Essential fatty acids, 131-132 in human milk and formulas, 158,161-162 Ethiopians, 132-133 in human pregnancy, 145—147 Excretion, and homeostasis, 112 immune system modulation, 94-96 Extrapolation method, 73-74 iron interaction, 52-53,60,62 Extrinsic isotope labels, 42-43,75-77,85 isotopes of, 43-45,66,78 in malnutrition, 187-189,193-197,207 parenteral nutrition requirements, 175-183 recommended dietary intake, 161 Failure to thrive, 3 zinc interactions, 61—62 Fatty acids, 131-132 Copper deficiency Fecal balance procedure, see Balance biochemistry, 27-28 techniques clinical manifestations, 26-27 Females, zinc deficiency, 126,133 diagnosis, 27 Ferritin, 200,205-206 etiology, 25-26 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 145 failure to thrive, 3 Fetal development; see also Pregnancy in human pregnancy, 145-147 copper deficiency, 147 immune system effect, 94-96,102,104 methyl mercury poisoning, 250-252 in malnutrition, 193-197,207 zinc and manganese deficiencies, 121-123 neonates, and milk, 161-162 zinc effects, growth, 126,132 parenteral nutrition, 176-177 Fiber, 49-50,60 very-low-birth-weight infants, 7 Fluoride, 158,161,163 Copper/zinc ratio, 20,35,103,227 Folic acid, 145 Coronary disease, 29; see also Cardiomyopathy Food and Nutrition Board of the National Cow's-milk-based formulas, 170 Research Council, 159 2',3'-Cyclicnucleotide3'-phosphohydrolase,27 Food intake, 6 Cysteine, 47-48 Free-erythrocyte protoporphyrin test, 239-240 Cytechrome oxidase, 28 Free radicals, 24-25,267-268 Cytotoxicity, lymphocytes, 92 D Gene expression, 122 Deficiency states, definition, 35-36,39, Genetic factors, 127,226-227 117-118 Genu valgum, 108 Dehydroisoepiandrosterone sulfate, 210, Glucagon, 18 216,222 Glucose tolerance, 29,165-167,263-264 Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, 91-92 Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, 125, Deoxythymidine kinase, 22 130 Depletion states, definition, 35-36,39, Glutathione peroxidase, 31,199,288-289 117-118 Glutathione-S transferase, 289 SUBJECT INDEX 303 Goiter, 291-299 Iodine deficiency, 291-299 Gonads, and zinc, 18-19,22 diagnostic features, 1-2 Granulocytes, zinc, 24,212-213,220-221 immune-system effects, 98,298 Growth, and zinc, 3,11,18-19,126,132, infant-formula supplements issue, 14-15 191-192,206,213-215,220-227 physiopathology, 291-299 Growth rate, bioavailability measure, 45-46 Iranian dwarfs, 227 Iron bioavailability measurement, 47 H dietary component effects, 47-52 Hair analysis in human milk and infant formulas, 158-160 chromium, 148,165 bioavailability, 159 copper, 146 isotopes of, absorption, 43^t5,63-85 diagnostic status, 5,34-35,38 recommended dietary intake, infants, 161 selenium, 274-283 Iron deficiency zinc, 133-135,143,212-213 diagnostic features, 1-2 Hearing loss, arsenic, 247 and formula fortification, 14 Histidine, and zinc, 48 in human milk, 158-160 Homeostatic regulation, 111-113 and malnutrition, 199-201 Hospitalized populations, 8 Iron-deficiency anemia, 2-4,199-201 Human milk, see Breast milk Isotope-balance procedures, see Balance Humoral immunity techniques selenium-deficiency effect, 96 Isotope labels, 44^5,63-85 zinc-deficiency effect, 92-93 Itai-itai disease, 249 Hyderabad experience, 154 Hydroxy radical, 268 Hypercholesterolemia, 27 K Hypercupremia, 102,222,226 Keshan disease, 30,269-270,273-290 Hyperzincuria, 18 Kidney damage, cadmium, 249 Hypogeusia, 19 Kwashiorkor, 193-198,200-201,205 Hypogonadism, 18-19,22 Labor abnormalities, zinc, 139 Lactation Immune system, 87-105 dietary intake, 149 aboriginal boys, 225 humans, trace elements, 137-155 iron and zinc deficiency, 3 zinc requirements, 139 neonatal zinc deficiency, 123 Lead trace element modulation, 87-105 pediatric aspects, 229-261 Immunoglobulins, 123 zinc interactions, 54 In utero exposure, see Fetal development Lead Paint Poison Prevention Act, 239 Inborn errors, 8 Leaded gasoline, 235 Indian childhood cirrhosis, 62 Lecithin/spingomyelin ratio, 122 Infant formulas, 157-174 Leukocyte endogenous mediator, 24 fortification issue, 14-15 Leukocytes lead content, 260 human pregnancy, zinc, 143 trace elements in, 157-174 zinc status, 36-38,143 Infants Lignin, 49-50 isotope body content, 77-79 Liver concentrations, malnutrition, 186-188 methyl mercury exposure, 252 Liver disease, zinc levels, 37-38 Infection, 94,98-99,103,191 Low birth weight, see Very low birth weight Insulin resistance, 28-29 Lymph nodes, 88-89 Intergenerational effects, 123,131 Lymphocyte transformation, zinc, 23 Intermediary metabolism, 110-111 Lymphocytes, zinc, 89-91,212-213,220-221 Intrinsic isotope label, 42-43 Lymphoid tissue, 88-93 Iodine, 291-299 in human milk and formulas, 158,162 M physiology, nutrition, 291-292 Magnesium recommended dietary intake, 161,292, immune-system effect, deficiency, 97 299 whole-body isotope content, 78 304 SUBJECT INDEX Malabsorption syndrome, 19 zinc-deficiency effect, 20-21,93-94, Males, zinc deficiency, 126,133 219-220 Malnutrition, 185-207 New Zealand, selenium deficiency, 30 Manganese, 264-266 Newborns, see Neonatal development human lactation, 149 Nickel, 266 in human milk and formulas, 158,163- Norepinephrine levels, 27 164,172-173 Nuclear magnetic resonance, 83—84 in malnutrition, 187-189 Nucleoside phosphorylase, 23-24 parenteral nutrition requirements, 175-183 Nutrition, and homeostasis, 113 recommended dietary intake, 161,164 Manganese deficiency, 264-266 iodine-deficiency interaction, 181-182 O iron interaction, 51-52 Oligoelements, infant supplements, 14-15 and parenteral nutrition, 177-178 Otolith development, 122-123 in prenatal and neonatal development, 121- Oxalate, zinc effect, 51 135,163 Marasmus, 193-197 Mass spectrometry, 67-68,82-83 Paint, and lead, 236-239,259 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Parenteral nutrition procedure, 79 chromium deficiency, 28 Meat effect, iron, 47 trace element deficiency, 175-183 Menkes' disease zinc deficiency, 18,175-183 clinical manifestations, 26 Penicillamine copper deficiency etiology, 25-26 copper deficiency, pregnancy, 147 6-Mercaptopurine, 127 zinc deficiency, 18,20 Mercury, selenium complexing, 54 Phagocytosis Metabolism, 107-119 selenium-deficiency effect, 96 Metallothionein, and copper, 61-62 zinc-deficiency