KIU Journal of Humanities KIU Journal of Humanities College of Humanities and Social Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda. 1 KIU Journal of Humanities Copyright © 2017 College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University. All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, and only as permitted under the Copyright Art, this publication may only be produced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with prior written permission of the Copyright Holder. Published in December, 2017 ISSN: 2415-0843 (Print) ISSN: 2522-2821 (Online) Published by: College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda. 2 KIU Journal of Humanities KIU Journal of Humanities Copyright©2017 Kampala International University ISSN: 2415-0843; 2(2B): 3 Welcome Notes by the Editor-In Chief I am very delighted to bring you this edition of KIU Journal of Humanities.The relation between psychology and education is very intimate. Psychology has been defined as the science of behaviour. It seeks to understand and explain behaviour in terms of mental and bodily activities. Its chief problem is how and why we behave, how we think, know, feel and act and why we think, know, feel and act in the way in which we do. It tries to understand the conditions from which acts of behaviour arise and to arrive at general principles which govern behaviour so as to interpret, control and predict it. Education, as we have seen above, is an attempt to mould and shape behaviour. It tries to help young people to grow and develop along certain lines, to acquire knowledge and skill and to learn certain ways of thought and feeling so that they may be absorbed in adult social life. The science of psychology must be basic to such an attempt, for any influence on behaviour, to be effective, must be planned and worked according to the principles of psychology. Education, therefore, must be based on psychology and from the very first step which he takes to educate the child, the educator must depend upon psychological knowledge. Education deals with young people and the conditions that promote or retard growth and development; it selects and strengthens those influences which promote healthy growth and tries to eliminate and weaken those which retard it. As a result of this study it formulates certain principles on which organization and administration in schools should be based; it has to study the needs and interests of children and provide for their healthy satisfaction and expression; it has to devise effective methods of teaching so that children may learn more quickly and better. It is against these backdrops that this issue of KIU Journal of Humanities focuses attention on various aspects of Psychology and Education such as social psychology, counseling psychology and educational psychology, educational administration, educational technology as well as teaching and learning skills. On behalf of the editorial board of the journal, I would like to thank our readership and, most especially, all the authors who have worked so hard with us to get the articles to the academic and scholarly communities across the globe. We look forward to your continued support. Sincerely, Professor Oyetola O. Oniwide College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University, P.O. Box 20000, Kampala, Uganda. [email protected] December, 2017. 3 KIU Journal of Humanities 4 KIU Journal of Humanities Part One Social Psychology 5 KIU Journal of Humanities 6 KIU Journal of Humanities KIU Journal of Humanities Copyright©2017 Kampala International University ISSN: 2415-0843; 2(2B): 7–12 Physical, Social and Psychological Effects of Rape on Health of Underage School Girls in Ilorin Metropolis S.O. ONIYANGI, T.K. IJAODOLA, J.F. JAMES University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Abstract. Universally, rape is considered to be social, psychological effects of rape on health of an immoral act which is not peculiar to any underage school girls in Ilorin metropolis. It is nation, race, or gender. Rape is a criminal therefore, recommended that adequate control of offence, an act of forcible sexual relations with a the use of drugs, proper education of youths on person against that person‟s will. This study health, rape and security of life should be assessed physical, social and psychological encouraged. effects of rape on health and security of underage school girls In Ilorin metropolis. A Keywords: Physical, Social, Psychological and descriptive research of survey type was used. health The population were all members of staff of Kwara state Ministry of Women affairs and 1. Introduction Kwara State Ministry of Social Welfare and Developments. Purposive and simple random Universally, rape is considered to be an immoral sampling techniques were used to select 50 staff act which is not peculiar to any nation, race, or from each of the 2 ministries selected making a gender. Poverty stricken societies are prone to total of 100 respondents. A researcher designed insecurity of life and properties through youths‟ questionnaire‟ was validated by three experts in involvement in drugs and rape. Rape is a related fields. The reliability of the questionnaire criminal offence, an act of forcible sexual was ascertained through test re-test method of 2 relations with a person against that person‟s will, weeks interval using Pearson product moment (Peters & Olowa, 2010). It is also a type of correlation, co-efficient of 0.78r was obtained. sexual assault usually involving sexual The questionnaire was administered by the intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration researchers and some trained research assistants. perpetrated against a person without that Descriptive statistics of frequency count and person‟s consent. Rape may be carried out by inferential statistics of Chi-Square were used to physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or test the hypotheses postulated for the study at against a person who is incapable of valid 0.05 alpha level of significance. The findings of consent, such as one is unconscious, the study revealed that: rape has a significant incapacitated or below the legal age of consent, physical effect on health of underage school (Bessel, Susan, David, Susanne & Joseph, girls (calc. X2 =39.54 > crit value 16.92): 2005). rape has a significant social effect on health of underage school girls (cal value =34.47 > crit The incidence of rape varies in different parts of X2 16.92): and rape has a significant the world. British Broadcasting Corporation psychological effect on health of underage (BBC) reported that about 85,000 women were school girls (calc X2= 28.01 > crit value 16.92). raped in 2006 in the United Kingdom. While in The study concluded that there are physical, the United States of America, cases of rape of 7 KIU Journal of Humanities about 212,190 were recorded in the Department rapist because being a victim of rape and losing of Justice in 2006, in Nigeria, 10,079 cases of virginity carry extreme social stigma and the rape were reported between 2001 and 2005. victims are deemed to have their reputation Despite existing bilateral and multilateral tarnished. Withdrawn from social activities and educational programmes, millions of girls in functions coupled with the avoidance of rape Nigeria remain without primary level of victims by the society are part of social effects education and a much larger are dropping out of of rape, (Branscombe, Wohl, Owen, Allison & school without basic literacy and numeracy Ngbala, 2003). skills, (Peters & Olowa, 2010). Physical: injury and pregnancy can also result People who have been raped can be severally from rape because most penetrative rape traumatised and may suffer from posttraumatic generally does not involve the use of condom. stress disorder in addition to psychological harm Injury can potentially lead to serious outcome, resulting from the act, rape may cause physical (Wingood, Diclemente & Raj, 2000). Physical injury or can lead to pregnancy, acquiring of effect can arise from both forced sexual assault sexually transmitted infections which are and those not involving forcible submission such psychosocial problems and can also lead to as drug assisted date rape. Forced sexual assault death. Rape could result to emotional and frequently causes visible brushing or bleeding in psychological, social and physical damages, and around the virginal or anal area and bruises (Jonathan, 2002). Physical, mental and spiritual on other parts of the body from coercive effects following sexual assault and rape are violence, (Jewkes, Vundule, Maforah & Jordan, difficult to cope with. Psychological trauma 2001). experienced by a rape victim includes disruptions to normal, physical, emotional, 2. Statement of the Problem cognitive and interpersonal behaviour. Major depression is a problem affecting many women In recent times across the world, there has been not just rape victims, however, 30% of rape increase in reported cases of physical, social and victims had experienced at least one major psychological disorder among underage school depressive episode in their lifetime, (Peters and girls. Literatures and findings attributed more Olowa, 2010). than 60% of such cases to rape. Rape has affected the psycho-social life of the victims, Emotional and psychological: According to families and the society in general Bulick, Prescott and Kendler (2001), depression Various health organizations, donor agencies, is more than common feelings of temporary Government and Non-Governmental sadness. Symptoms can include prolonged Organizations at various levels are making sadness, feelings of hopelessness, unexplained commendable efforts to reduce and control the crying, and changes in appetite with significant incidence of rape among underage school girls weight loss or gain, loss of energy or loss of through symposium, enlightenment programmes interest and pleasure in activities previously and update information about rape and it‟s enjoyed. Arnow, (2004) also reported that rape implication on health.