1 HOW LOCAL INITIATIVES HELP TO MITIGATE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CONSULTANCY REPORT – JUNE 2019 AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SOESTERKWARTIER, AMERSFOORT Authors: T. Addisu, C. Dereux, I. Noordegraaf Supervisor: B. van Hove Commissioned by Fokke de Jong Supported by: from: 1 1 Wageningen Environmental Research P.O. box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands Phone: +31 (0)317 48 07 00 Fax: +31 (0)317 41 90 00 This project was led in the context of an Academic Consultancy Training from Wageningen University, by students as part of their MSc Climate Studies. It is not an official publication of WUR and the content herein does not represent any formal position or representation by WUR. In 2003 Wageningen Environmental Research has implemented a certified quality management system, according to the standard ISO 9001:2008. Since 2006 Wageningen Environmental Research works with a certified environmental care system according to the standard ISO 14001:2004. All rights regarding this research proposal and all knowledge and information contained therein shall remain with Stichting Wageningen Research. Wageningen Environmental Research1 does not accept any liability for damages, if any, arising from the use of the results of this study or the application of the recommendations. Copyright © 2019 Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Environmental Research All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise – without the prior permission of the commissioner and the authors. Client: Fokke de Jong, for the association Duurzaam Soesterkwartier Vereniging Duurzaam Soesterkwartier Soesterweg 314-A 3812 BH Amersfoort Phone: 06-20425747 e-mail: info(at)duurzaamsoesterkwartier.nl Authors: Tolina ADDISU (880125005110), Clémence DEREUX (961214179120), Irthe NOORDEGRAAF (950619607080) Partners and supporters: ABBREVIATIONS: AMT Alternative Mean of Transport CBS Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (in English: Statistics Netherlands) CO2-eq CO2 equivalents CV Centrale Verwarming (in English: boiler/central heating system) GHG Greenhouse gas kWh/MWh/TWh kilowatt-hour/Megawatt-hour/Terawatt-hour kton/Mton kiloton/Megaton MW/TW Megawatt/Terawatt PBL Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (in English: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency) PV Photovoltaic system SWH Solar Water Heating system WKO Warmte Koude Opslag (in English: thermal energy storage) WUR Wageningen University and Research 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dutch executive summary ................................................................................................................5 English executive summary ..............................................................................................................8 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................14 2. Mitigation measures in Soesterkwartier .................................................................................15 2.1 Energy efficient housing ................................................................................................15 2.1.1 Insulation 2.1.2 Optimisation of central heating system 2.2 Sustainable energy sources ..........................................................................................17 2.2.1 Solar panels 2.2.2 Solar Water Heating (SWH) system 2.2.3 Heat pumps 2.2.4 Biomass pellet heating 2.2.5 Thermal energy storage (in Dutch: Warmte-Koude Opslag) 2.2.6 Electricity supplier 2.3 Sustainable mobility ......................................................................................................18 2.3.1 Share-cars 2.3.2 Public transport 2.3.3 (Electric) Bicycles 2.4 Ongoing projects ...........................................................................................................20 2.4.1 Construction project: Soesterhof 2.4.2 Multi-functional area: Wagenwerkplaats 2.4.3 Wind turbine project: Soesterwijk Wiek 2.4.4 Energy transition project 2.5 Small-scale actions .......................................................................................................21 2.5.1 Re-greening 2.5.2 Removal of litter 2.5.3 Individual actions 2.6 Summarizing remarks ....................................................................................................23 3. Quantifying GHG mitigation .....................................................................................................24 3.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................24 3.2 Energy efficient housing ................................................................................................25 3.2.1 Natural gas consumption 3.2.2 Electricity consumption 3.3 Sustainable energy production ......................................................................................27 3.3.1 Solar energy production 3.3.2 Switch to green electricity supplier 3.4 Sustainable mobility ......................................................................................................28 3.5 Summarizing remarks ...................................................................................................30 3 4. Co-benefits of sustainable actions .........................................................................................31 4.1 Social co-benefits .........................................................................................................31 4.1.1 Social cohesion 4.1.2 Awareness creation 4.1.3 Personal well-being 4.1.4 Intrinsic value of nature 4.1.5 Parking facilities 4.2 Financial co-benefits ....................................................................................................33 4.2.1 Monetary savings 4.2.2 Local economy 4.3 Environmental co-benefits ...........................................................................................34 4.3.1 Energy security & independency 4.3.2 Air quality 4.4 Summarizing remarks ..................................................................................................35 5. Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................36 6. Recommendations ...................................................................................................................38 6.1 Recommendations to further mitigate and/or adapt to climate change ........................38 6.2 Recommendations for research development .............................................................39 References ...................................................................................................................................42 Appendix 1 ....................................................................................................................................43 Appendix 2 ....................................................................................................................................46 Appendix 3 ....................................................................................................................................47 Appendix 4 ....................................................................................................................................48 Appendix 5 ....................................................................................................................................49 Appendix 6 ....................................................................................................................................50 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: List of individual sustainability actions .............................................................................22 Table 2: GHG mitigation in Soesterkwartier by reducing gas consumption ..................................25 Table 3: GHG mitigation in Soesterkwartier by green electricity production .................................28 Table 4: Emission factors for AMT ................................................................................................29 Table 5: Complete assessment for Soesterkwartier .....................................................................30 Figure 1: Conceptual framework ...................................................................................................23 Figure 2: Annual gas consumption ................................................................................................24 Figure 3: Annual electricity consumption .......................................................................................26 Figure 4: Diagram of co-benefits ...................................................................................................32 Equation 1: Formula for CO2 mitigation by using AMT .................................................................29 4 DUTCH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Inleiding de muren, vloer & ramen en het CO2 emissies en andere broeikasgassen optimaliseren van de CV ketel geeft nemen nog steeds exponentieel toe en het is daardoor veel potentie om het gasverbruik te tijd dat we er samen wat aan doen! verlagen. Meerdere werkgroepen van VDS Nederland heeft daarom het doel gesteld om zijn hiermee bezig geweest en onder leiding emissies te reduceren voor 49% relatief tot van de vereniging zijn al 200 huizen in de 1990 in 2030. Als een reactie op dit doel wil buurt geïsoleerd. de stad Amersfoort afval loos en CO2- neutraal zijn in