ON TRIAL: SHELL IN NIGERIA LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST THE OIL MULTINATIONAL Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2020 %QXGTRJQVQ#&WVEJEQWTVJGCTUVJGƂTUVCTIWOGPVUKPCPJKUVQTKEECUGCICKPUV5JGNNKP Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed YJKEJVJGQKNIKCPVUVCPFUCEEWUGFQHKPUVKICVKPICTCHVQHJQTTKH[KPIJWOCPTKIJVUXKQNCVKQPU under a Creative Commons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, EQOOKVVGFD[VJG0KIGTKCPIQXGTPOGPVCICKPUVVJG1IQPKRGQRNGKPVJGUQP(GDTWCT[ international 4.0) licence. KP6JG*CIWG0GVJGTNCPFU 2KGTTG%TQO)GVV[+OCIGU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2020 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: AFR 44/1698/2020 Original language: English amnesty.org ON TRIAL: SHELL IN NIGERIA LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST THE OIL MULTINATIONAL ON TRIAL: SHELL IN NIGERIA LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST THE OIL MULTINATIONAL 3 Amnesty International CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 1. METHODOLOGY 10 2. KEY FACTS ABOUT SHELL IN NIGERIA 11 3. THE CASES 13 3.1 Kiobel and others v Shell 13 3.2 Environmental cases 16 3.2.1 Four farmers’ cases 20 3.2.2 Okpabi and others 20 3.2.3 The Bodo community 24 3.3 The “OPL 245” bribery case 27 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 28 ON TRIAL: SHELL IN NIGERIA LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST THE OIL MULTINATIONAL 4 Amnesty International 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Every year there are hundreds of spills from Shell’s pipelines and wells in the Niger Delta. Land and waterways that people rely on for HCTOKPICPFƂUJKPIKUEQPVCOKPCVGF-GIDCTC&GTG1IQPKNCPF5GRVGODGT /KEJCGN7YGOGFKOQEOCRRKPIPGV 5KPEG5JGNNƂTUVFKUEQXGTGFQKNPGCTVJGXKNNCIGQH1NQKDKTKKPVJG0KIGT&GNVCJCUDGEQOG#HTKECoU most valuable oil-producing region and the Anglo-Dutch giant has earned billions of dollars. $WV#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCNoUTGUGCTEJQXGTOCP[[GCTUJCUFGOQPUVTCVGFVJCV5JGNNoU0KIGTKCQRGTCVKQPU have come at the cost of the human rights of people living there. Hundreds of oil spills a year from poorly-maintained pipelines and wells, along with inadequate clean-up RTCEVKEGUJCXGFCOCIGFVJGJGCNVJCPFNKXGNKJQQFUQHVJG0KIGT&GNVCoUOCP[KPJCDKVCPVUYJQNCTIGN[ TGOCKPUVWEMKPRQXGTV[5VCTVKPIKPVJGUVJGTGJCXGDGGPYCXGUQHEQOOWPKV[RTQVGUVUDWVVJG 0KIGTKCPIQXGTPOGPVJCUDTWVCNN[TGRTGUUGFVJGOUQOGVKOGUYKVJVJGUWRRQTVQHVJGQKNEQORCP[ ON TRIAL: SHELL IN NIGERIA LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST THE OIL MULTINATIONAL 5 Amnesty International 0QY5JGNNoU0KIGTKCQRGTCVKQPUCTGHCEKPIUETWVKP[NKMGPGXGTDGHQTGYKVJCPWPRTGEGFGPVGFUGVQHNGICN cases against the oil company in courts in Europe. Each is expected to reach a conclusion, or other important milestone, in 2020. 6JKUTGRQTVFTCYUQP#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCNoUTGUGCTEJQPVJG0KIGT&GNVCYJKEJFCVGUDCEMOQTGVJCP twenty years. Researchers also spoke to lawyers and human rights and environmental organizations involved in each of the cases. They reviewed court documents, attended hearings in the Okpabi and Kiobel cases, and interviewed the claimants. 4GUGCTEJGTUCNUQXKUKVGFVJG0KIGT&GNVCKP#WIWUVYJGTGVJG[OGVJWOCPTKIJVUFGHGPFGTU environmentalists and representatives of the Ogale and Bodo communities. +P2QTV*CTEQWTV0KIGTKCCEVKXKUVURCTVPGTQTICPK\CVKQPUCPF#OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCNECNNGFQP5JGNNVQQYPWRRC[WRCPFENGCPWRVJG 0KIGT&GNVCCURCTVQHCYGGMQHCEVKQPKP#RTKN #OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN THE CASES +PVJG0GVJGTNCPFUHQWT0KIGTKCPYQOGPCTGVCMKPI5JGNNVQEQWTVQXGTYJCVVJG[UC[YCUVJG EQORCP[oUEQORNKEKV[KPVJGWPNCYHWNCTTGUVFGVGPVKQPCPFGZGEWVKQPQHVJGKTJWUDCPFUKP6JKU ECOGCUVJG0KIGTKCPOKNKVCT[UQWIJVVQUWRRTGUUEQOOWPKV[RTQVGUVUCICKPUVVJGQKNKPFWUVT[6JGOGP were jailed and then hanged following a blatantly unfair trial, alongside the writer and protest leader -GP5CTQ9KYC+P1EVQDGTVJGEQWTVJGCTFGXKFGPEGVJCV5JGNNRCKFDTKDGUVQKPFKXKFWCNUKP exchange for them falsely testifying against the men. The four widows are claiming compensation and CRWDNKECRQNQI[HTQO5JGNN6JGPGZVCPFRQUUKDN[ƂPCNYKVPGUUJGCTKPIKUFWGVQVCMGRNCEGKP6JG Hague in March 2020. ON TRIAL: SHELL IN NIGERIA LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST THE OIL MULTINATIONAL 6 Amnesty International +P/C[CƂPCNJGCTKPIKUCNUQGZRGEVGFKPVJGƂTUVECUGUDTQWIJVCICKPUV5JGNNKPC'WTQRGCP EQWTVQXGTKVUGPXKTQPOGPVCNTGEQTFKP0KIGTKC+PHQWT0KIGTKCPHCTOGTUCPF(TKGPFUQHVJG'CTVJ ƂNGFVJTGGUGRCTCVGENCKOUKPVJG0GVJGTNCPFUCICKPUVKVURCTGPVEQORCP[4Q[CN&WVEJ5JGNN 4&5 CPFKVU0KIGTKCDCUGFUWDUKFKCT[5JGNN2GVTQNGWO&GXGNQROGPV%QORCP[ 52&% QXGTFCOCIGECWUGF D[QKNURKNNU6JGUGECUGUCNUQOCTMGFVJGƂTUVVKOGVJCVC&WVEJOWNVKPCVKQPCNJCFDGGPUWGFKPC Dutch court over the operations of its overseas subsidiaries. In June 2020, the UK’s Supreme Court will hear an appeal brought by two communities, Ogale and Bille, in another pollution-related case. The court will decide whether it can proceed on the critical issue of whether RDS is liable for the actions of SPDC. Shell claims that RDS is not responsible for the actions QHKVUUWDUKFKCT[GXGPVJQWIJKVQYPURGTEGPVQH52&%CPFTGEGKXGUVJGRTQƂVUVJCVKVOCMGU Finally, another community, Bodo, is also involving the UK courts in its battle to get Shell to clean up RQNNWVKQPHTQOQKNURKNNU6JKUEQOOWPKV[ƂTUVUWGF5JGNNKP.QPFQPKP6JTGG[GCTUNCVGTWPFGTC court-approved settlement, Shell made an unprecedented payment to Bodo of 70 million US dollars (55 million pounds) for losses caused by two massive spills. At the same time, Shell undertook to clean up Bodo’s waterways, which had been devastated by the giant spills. Due to a lack of progress in this effort, and the ongoing harm suffered by the community, it is threatening to refer the issue back to the High Court in London if the pollution is not cleaned up by mid-2020. 6JGUGCTGEKXKNECUGUKPYJKEJ0KIGTKCPKPFKXKFWCNUQTEQOOWPKVKGUCTGUGGMKPITGFTGUUHTQO5JGNNHQT the impact that pollution has had, and continues to have, on their human rights. At stake in each of these are potentially tens of millions of dollars in damages, clean-up of oil pollution and legal costs. A different sort of legal proceeding is also taking place. It is a criminal case, brought by prosecutors in Italy, over the alleged involvement of Shell, and the Italian oil multinational Eni, in a 1.3 billion 75FQNNCTDTKDGT[UEJGOGEQPPGEVGFVQVJGVTCPUHGTQHC0KIGTKCPQKNNKEGPEG6JGECUGKUCNUQDGKPI KPXGUVKICVGFD[NCYGPHQTEGOGPVCIGPEKGUKPVJG7-VJG0GVJGTNCPFUCPF0KIGTKC+HHQWPFIWKNV[UQOG HQTOGTOGODGTUQH5JGNNUVCHHHCEGLCKNCPFVJGEQORCP[HCEGUƂPCPEKCNRGPCNVKGU In this and the other cases, Shell denies the claims. SHELL’S BUSINESS MODEL ON TRIAL These cases are not only important for the individuals and communities involved. They could set important precedents on the responsibility of companies for their overseas operations, which would open the way for further litigation not only against Shell but other multinational corporations as well. 6JG[CTGCNUQRNCEKPICOWEJPGGFGFURQVNKIJVQP5JGNNoUDWUKPGUUOQFGNKP0KIGTKC+VKUPQVC coincidence that these cases are all focussing on the same country. 0KIGTKCoUTGIWNCVKQPQHVJGQKNKPFWUVT[KUWPFQWDVGFN[YGCMCPFNCEMUKPFGRGPFGPEG)QXGTPOGPV agencies responsible for industry regulation and enforcement are under-resourced, ineffective and KPUQOGECUGUEQORTQOKUGFD[EQPƃKEVUQHKPVGTGUV+VUQYPEQWTVUJCXGHCKNGFVQQHHGTVJGXKEVKOU QHJWOCPTKIJVUCDWUGUCOGCPKPIHWNCXGPWGHQTUGGMKPILWUVKEG5JGNNJCUDGPGƂVVGFGPQTOQWUN[ from extracting oil in such a context where there is little or no government oversight and no effective safeguards. 5JGNNFQGUPQVRWDNKUJCDTGCMFQYPQHKVUGCTPKPIUD[EQWPVT[DWVVJGRTQƂVVJCVƃQYUHTQO0KIGTKCVQ KVURCTGPVEQORCP[KPVJG0GVJGTNCPFUCPFVJG7-KUEGTVCKPN[UKIPKƂECPV4GWVGTUGUVKOCVGFVJCVKVJCF GCTPGFDKNNKQP75FQNNCTUHTQOQKNCPFICURTQFWEVKQPKP0KIGTKCKPYJKEJYCUCTQWPFRGTEGPV of its total global output. ON TRIAL: SHELL IN NIGERIA LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST THE OIL MULTINATIONAL 7 Amnesty International These cases, as well as Amnesty’s research into Shell’s operations over many years, show that while IGPGTCVKPIVJGUGRTQƂVUKVJCUQRGTCVGFKPCYC[VJCVJCUJCTOGFEQOOWPKVKGUCPFJCUPQVGHHGEVKXGN[ remediated the harm it has caused. 5JGNNJCUCTGURQPUKDKNKV[VQTGURGEVVJGJWOCPTKIJVUQHRGQRNGKPVJG0KIGT&GNVCKPENWFKPID[VCMKPI all reasonable steps to prevent spills and then remediate contaminated land and water. Shell should not have to wait for legal action before taking such actions, nor should affected communities have to resort to legal action in order to obtain a remedy. 2CUVQT%JTKUVKCP-RCPFGKUJQYKPIVJGFCOCIGFQPGVQJKUƂUJHCTOKP$QFQ0KIGTKC/C[6JGHCTOƃQWTKUJGFDGHQTGCOCUUKXGURKNN HTQOC5JGNNRKRGNKPGKP#WIWUVDWVVJGRQNNWVKQPFGUVTQ[GFJKUƂUJHCTONGCXKPIJKOCPFJKUYQTMGTUYKVJQWVCTGIWNCTKPEQOG #OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN KEY RECOMMENDATIONS The Government of NigeriaOWUVUKIPKƂECPVN[UVTGPIVJGPKVUTGIWNCVKQPQHVJGQKNKPFWUVT[CPF guarantee that its regulatory bodies have the necessary enforcement powers, expertise and resources to ensure that companies take all reasonable steps to prevent spills and clean up VJQUGVJCVFQQEEWTCUTGSWKTGFD[0KIGTKCPNCY The UK and the Netherlands need to introduce legal reforms to ensure accountability and redress for human rights abuse in the context of the overseas operations of their multinationals. Shell OWUVKORTQXGKVUQRGTCVKQPCNRTCEVKEGUKPVJG0KIGT&GNVCVQVCMGCNNTGCUQPCDNGOGCUWTGU