An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduate Studies Environmental Impact Assessment of Centralized and Decentralized Biogas Power Plants in Palestine By Ruba Ahmad Hasan Alia Supervisor Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa Co-Supervisor Prof. Amer El-Hamouz This Thesis is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Clean Energy and Conservation Strategy Engineering, Faculty of Graduate Studies An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine 2017 II Environmental Impact Assessment of Centralized and Decentralized Biogas Power Plants in Palestine By Ruba Ahmad Hasan Alia This thesis was defended successfully on 31/01 /2017 and approved by: Defense committee Members Signature Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa/Supervisor .…..………….….. Prof. Amer El-Hamouz/Co-Supervisor ……………...…… Dr. Mahmoud Salah /External Examiner ………………...… Dr. Husni Odeh /Internal Examiner ………………...… III Dedication To my parents To my husband To my daughter To my brother and sister To my family To all friends and colleagues To all of them I dedicate this work IV Acknowledgment I would like to take the opportunity to thank all people who spent their time and shared their knowledge for helping me to complete my thesis with the best possible result. To begin with, my special thanks to Dr. Abdelrahim Abusafa, direct supervisor for his continued support, complete cooperation and distinguish supervision throughout the whole course of this study. I wish to express my gratitude to my Prof. Amer El- Hamouz who participated as the second supervisor of this study for his valuable suggestions, assistance, and for his great and continuous effort in helping me at all stages of this study. My thanks and appreciations go also to the staff of Clean Energy and Conservation Strategy Engineering master program at An- Najah National University. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents and to my husband, brothers ,sisters , kindred,and all friend for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you V اﻹقرار أنا الموقع أدناه مقدم الرسالة التي تحمل العنوان Environmental Impact Assessment of Centralized and Decentralized Biogas Power Plants in Palestine Declaration The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degrees or qualifications. Student's Name: Signature: Date: VI Table of Contents Dedication ................................................................................................... III Acknowledgment ........................................................................................ IV Declaration ................................................................................................... V Table of Contents ........................................................................................ VI List of Figures ............................................................................................. IX List of Tables ................................................................................................ X List of symbols .......................................................................................... XII List of abbreviations ................................................................................. XIII Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ................................................ XIII Abstract .................................................................................................... XIV Chapter One ................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Chapter Two .................................................................................................. 4 Biomass Technology ..................................................................................... 4 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 5 2. 2 Biogas Technology History ............................................................. 5 2.3 Composition of Biogas ..................................................................... 7 2.4 Biogas Production: ............................................................................ 8 2.4.1 The Stages of Anaerobic Digestion .................................................. 9 2.4.2 Factors Affecting Anaerobic Degradation: ..................................... 11 2.4.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................. 11 2.4.2.4 Retention Time ............................................................................. 12 2.5 Types of Biomass ............................................................................ 14 2.5.1 Animal Waste .................................................................................. 14 2.5.2 Wood and Agriculture Products ..................................................... 14 2.5.3 Municipal Solid Waste .................................................................... 14 2.6 Advantages of Using Biomass: ....................................................... 15 2.7 Design of Biogas Plant: .................................................................. 16 2.8 Biogas - Digester types ................................................................... 16 2.9 Applications of Biogas in Household Digesters ............................. 20 2.9.1 Cooking and Heating ...................................................................... 20 2.9.2 Biogas Stoves .................................................................................. 20 2.9.4 Lighting and Power Generation ...................................................... 20 Chapter Three .............................................................................................. 21 Methodology ............................................................................................... 22 3.1 Data Collection of Raw Materials ................................................ 23 3.2 Animal Waste Calculation ............................................................. 23 3.3 Biogas Volume Calculation: ........................................................... 24 3.4 Calculation of energy potential: ...................................................... 24 3.5 Sizing the Plant ............................................................................... 25 VII 3.5.1 Sizing the digester ........................................................................... 25 3.6 Cost of Plant .................................................................................... 25 3.6.1 Digester cost .................................................................................... 25 3.6.2 Generator Cost: ............................................................................... 26 3.7 Annual Cost Calculation ................................................................. 26 3.8 Clustering of Power plant ............................................................... 27 3.9 Transportation Cost ......................................................................... 27 3.10 Payback Period Calculation .......................................................... 28 3.11 Environmental Impact Assessment ............................................... 28 Chapter Four ................................................................................................ 29 Environmental Impact Assessment of Establishing Biogas Plant .............. 29 4.1 Definition of EIA ............................................................................ 30 4.1.1 Project description, and legal and administrative framework: ....... 31 4.1.2 Screening ......................................................................................... 32 4.1.3 Description of the existing environment: ....................................... 32 4.1.4 Scoping ............................................................................................ 32 4.1.5 Mitigating measures: .................................................................... 33 4.1.6 Environmental management and training and environmental monitoring plan: ............................................................................. 33 4.2 Policy and Legal Framework .......................................................... 33 4.2.1 Environmental Assessment Policy .................................................. 34 4.3 EIA type methods .................................................................................. 35 4.3.1 Construction of Leopold Matrix for Centralized and Decentralized Biogas Power Plant ........................................................................ 36 4.4 Environmental Aspects, Impacts and Mitigation ............................ 38 4.5 CO2 Reduction Potential with Biogas Production ................................ 45 Chapter Five ................................................................................................ 46 Results and Discussion ................................................................................ 46 5.1 Animals Waste in Palestine ............................................................ 47 5.2 Potential of Biogas Production ....................................................... 51 5.3 Electrical