JAIST Repository https://dspace.jaist.ac.jp/ 創発するパプア部族統治 ～社会的知識創造の事例研 Title 究 Author(s) Totok, Hari Wibowo Citation Issue Date 2005-06 Type Thesis or Dissertation Text version author URL http://hdl.handle.net/10119/825 Rights Supervisor:Katsuhiro Umemoto, 知識科学研究科, 博 Description 士 Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology The Emergence of Papuan Tribal Governance: A Case Study of Societal Knowledge Creation by Totok Hari Wibowo Submitted to Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Professor Dr. Katsuhiro Umemoto School of Knowledge Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology June 2005 Copyleft 2005 by Totok Hari Wibowo STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and is deposited in the Institute Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Quotations from this manuscript in whole or in part are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of the copyleft holder is made. It is the Author’s hope that this work will spawn new ideas for research. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It has been an exceptional journey - one that I had never dreamed of before. My research track was started right after I became a graduate student in 2001, when I was accepted by Dr. Katsuhiro Umemoto at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Umemoto for his encouragement, advice, mentoring, and research support throughout my doctoral studies. I also truly appreciate his patience and tolerance during my numerous mishaps. This dissertation is part of the research carried out through his vision throughout the last four years. I regard myself fortunate to have the opportunity to work with a group of enthusiastic people in Dr. Umemoto’s Social System Lab. I have enjoyed every moment that we have worked together including all those late night lab activities. Former and present Umemoto Lab members have taught me many things about life and research. I appreciate their friendship and their collective encouragement to me in the pursuit of finishing this dissertation. I want especially to thank Shunji Iwatsuki, for his continued support, friendship and openness to share his wisdom; Go Kamada, Masaki Ogushi and Satoshi Suenaga, for their help and friendship; Marcelo Machado, Tunc Medeni and Andre Saito for their suggestions and friendship. My fieldwork might not be possible without support from people whom I would like to direct my thanks to: Decky Rumaropen for his hospitality, openness, and sharing his experience; Agus Sumule for offering me place to stay, his hospitality and his wisdom; Thaha Alhamid, Beni Giay, Theo van de Broek and Deny Yomaki, for their hospitality, openness and sharing of their experiences and ideas. My thanks also go to the members of my evaluation committee: Prof. Yoshio Kawamura, Prof. Shuji Kondou, Prof. Yasuo Ikawa and Associate Prof. Ryoko Toyama for reading previous drafts of this dissertation and providing many valuable comments that improved the presentation and contents of this dissertation. This research has been partially supported by the Grants from Murata Foundation and Rotary Yoneyama Foundation during the final year of my study. iii Getting Ph.D. however, is like getting any other success. It is only possible due to the contribution of many people, which numbers greatly exceed the allotted space for that purpose. For those whose names I do not mention here, please forgive me. For you also I would like to direct my sincere thank. Finally, it is impossible to have my research done without my family’s love and support, as well as my parent’s encouragement. This dissertation is dedicated to them. To all of you, thank you. iv DEDICATION This dissertation is a result of collective efforts from my family and parents. They often gave me valuable advice, reminders, and wisdom about life, when I had hard time understanding. However, they always give me room to explore and make mistakes. This dissertation is dedicated to my family, who has to endure my constant absence, who have given their love, understanding and support, and who never give up their hope of togetherness. A special appreciation goes to Wita Purwasih, my beloved wife, who sometimes had to make long nights to deal with our two ‘saru-sans’, Adisti and Icha and households; who often anxiously reminded me of not working hard enough, who herself also a doctoral student with her own obligation. A combination of student and family life is hard, but never hard enough to her. I am indebted for her continued support, patient, friendship, caring and love. Throughout my four plus years studentship at JAIST, I have always accompanied by Adisti and Icha, my two lovely ‘saru-sans’, who live their precious lives in a mixed culture. Their fights, cries, giggles and laughter have colored my days, made the days better enjoyable, and lighten unbearable. They have taught me how to live a life, love, and feel; these, in turn, become the catalyst to my desire of finishing this dissertation. This dissertation is also dedicated to my parents, who have given me all their love and support and let me freely do whatever I want. Special devotion goes to my late mother, who passed away while I was at the height of my study. Without them, there was no way that I could possibly have accomplished this. Their understanding on the value of education is truly beyond my comprehension. I am just a lucky beneficiary. Along the way, my sister Sri Wibawanti has also shared her caring thought. I truly thank all of them from the bottom of my heart. v ABSTRACT The Emergence of Papuan Tribal Governance: A Case Study of Societal Knowledge Creation Key words: societal knowledge creation, social movement, institutional theory, self- governance, boundary spanner, knowledgeable outsider. This case study of the emergence of Papuan tribal governance examines the process of production-and-reproduction of new institution through societal knowledge creation, thereby answering the major research question: “Why and how has the Papuan tribal governance emerged?” Drawing on recent advances in the studies of social movements, self-governance, boundary spanner, and Papuan movements; the followings were found: (1) Papuan movements emerge as a reaction to the disagreement between civil society and social order, and aim at a social change. (2) There is no past research on the emergence of Papuan tribal governance as an entry to draw a model of societal knowledge creation. The study presents a chronological analysis tracing the process of how the ideas and policies constructing the new reality came into being, including the key-roles played by knowledgeable outsiders as boundary spanner. Further, this study discusses issues of re-scaling resource and environmental politics in the region, and the extent to which challenges have been advancing from sub-national to national development agendas. The case analysis found the followings: (1) The Papuan’s determination to revise their primordial concept of continuity with new worldview is the fundamental antecedent for change. (2) There are patterns of interdependencies between Identities, Social capital, and Sense of place. (3) The Papuan, being obedience to their sacred value system, has made reflection on their being, and decided to bring some adjustment to it through a process of self-knowledge creation. (4) There is evident of the involvement of knowledgeable outsiders in the preparation phase of the Special Autonomy Law. (5) Two important outcomes of the process of societal knowledge creation are the PDP or the Papua Presidium Council and the Law nr. 21/2001 on vi Special Autonomy. (6) The Papuan tribal governance is characterized by better public involvement in policy process that has resulted in better accommodation of public initiatives. (7) There need not be ‘identity behind the action’, but that the ‘identity’ is variably constructed in and through the societal knowledge creation process. As a theoretical implication, this study proposes a model of societal knowledge creation, which works as follows: (1) Antecedents, which is interconnected with outcomes (structure) and identity, which comprises of residual sense of place, and social capital, initiate a recursive process of agenda setting, direction setting, and structuring. (2) The process stage involves agenda setting, direction setting followed with structuring, whereby each are feedback-linked to the earlier step. This stage begins to work after receiving a hint from antecedent, while interconnected with identity. (3) The final end of process, the structuring stage produces outcomes, which is interconnected with identity and antecedents, implies formal processes of policymaking. As practical implications, this study found that the Umbrella Institutions are a product of societal knowledge creation, and the Special Autonomy Law is a product of the Umbrella Institutions through a process of societal knowledge creation. Further, references toward multiculturalism are given as follows: (1) It is imperative to distinguish policies that promote tolerance for cultural pluralism from those which cause divisions. (2) Introduce a scheme of ‘handicap’ for a better equity, which aims to increase the number of minorities in mainstream. (3) A ‘handicap’ system offers grace