Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Camillo, Evandro Nesting biology of four Tetrapedia species in trap-nests (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tetrapediini) Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 53, núm. 1-2, marzo-junio, 2005, pp. 175-186 Universidad de Costa Rica San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44918946016 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Nesting biology of four Tetrapedia species in trap-nests (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tetrapediini) Evandro Camillo Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-USP, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil; [email protected] Received 28-VIII-2001. Corrected 24-II-2003. Accepted 09-XI-2004. Abstract: The nests used in this study were obtained from trap-nests (tubes of cardboard and cut bamboo stems) placed on Santa Carlota Farm (Itaoca Section-IS, Santana Section-SS and Cerrado-Ce), Cajuru, SP, Brazil. The number of nests and corresponding species obtained were as follows: 516 nests of T. curvitarsis, 104 of T. rugu- losa, 399 of T. diversipes and 98 of T. garofaloi. The most abundant species from SS and Ce was T. curvitarsis, and from IS it was T. diversipes. In general, most nests were collected during the hot and wet season (September to April). The nests were constructed with sand and an oily substance, and a single female established them. The cells were constructed in a linear series, sometimes followed by a vestibular cell. The number of brood cells ranged from 1 to 10 in T. curvitarsis (n=200), and in T. garofaloi (n=51), from 1 to 8 (n=30) in T. rugulosa, and from 1 to 6 (n=37) in T. diversipes. The pollen mass (pollen + oily substance) contained a hollow, sometimes divided by a transverse ridge, on the exposed face of the pollen mass. The egg was vertically positioned in the lower part of the hollow. At times, the closing of a cell was initiated before provisioning was completed, with a construction of a collar at the cell limit. In some nests the final cellular partition also acted as a closure plug. Females began activities at 6:18 a.m. and ended between 3:31 and 6:26 p.m. Some females (T. curvitarsis, T. rugulosa and T. garofaloi) did not spend the nights at their nests, returning to them only the following morning with additional material. In general, the development period (for males and females) was greater in nests col- lected near the end of the hot and wet season than it was for nests collected in other months. Sex ratios for each species were as follows: T. curvitarsis, 1:1; T. rugulosa, 1.6:1 female; T. diversipes, 1.9:1; T. garofaloi, 2.8:1. Males and females of T. diversipes exhibited statistically similar sizes and in the other three species the females were larger than the males. The mortality rates were statistically similar: 33.2% for T. curvitarsis, 25.8% for T. rugulosa, 26.8% for T. diversipes and 38.2% for T. garofaloi. The parasitoids were: Coelioxoides exulans, Leucospis cayenensis, Anthrax sp., Coelioxys sp., Coelioxoides sp. and individuals of the family Meloidae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2): 175-186. Epub 2005 Jun 24. Key words: Apidae, Tetrapedia, trap-nests, nesting biology, nest structure, natural enemies, life tables. Michener and Moure (1957) divided characterized the tribe essentially through the Tetrapedia into subgenera Tetrapedia and biological data obtained in T. maura Cresson, Lagobata. The subgenus Tetrapedia occurs 1878. Roig-Alsina and Michener (1993) placed from the Neotropical region of Mexico to Tetrapediini in the subfamily Apinae, fam- southern Brazil, and from northern Argentina ily Apidae, when the authors extinguished the to Ecuador. The subgenus Lagobata is restrict- family Anthophoridae and created the tribe ed to Brazil. These authors separated this Anthophorini. genus from the Exomalopsini (Anthophoridae) The subfamily Apinae has some gen- and placed it in a new tribe because of the era that collect floral oil, including Centris, differences in adults. This separation was Ptilotopus and Epicharis (Centridini), reinforced when Michener and Lange (1958) Paratetrapedia, Chalepogenus and Tapinotaspis Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 53 (1-2): 175-186, March-June 2005 (www.tropiweb.com) 175 (Tapinotaspidini), Ctenoplectra (Ctenoplectrini) secondary growth. Rhodic Ferralsol and Orthic and Tetrapedia (Tetrapediini) (Vogel 1974, Ferralsol soils are predominant on the farm. 1976b, 1981, Simpson et al. 1977, Roberts and Trap-nests were placed in three areas of Vallespir 1978, Michener and Greenberg 1980, the farm: (1) Santana Section (=SS), charac- Neff and Simpson 1981, Buchmann 1987). terized by abandoned orchards surrounded by Other species are considered as probable col- sugar cane plantations, pastures and cerrado lectors of oily substance, including Monoeca (s.l.) with abandoned houses, stables and sheds. (Tapinotaspidini) (Vogel 1974, Roberts Semideciduous forests and riparian forests and Vallespir 1978) and Lanthanomelissa were located about 300 m from the orchard; (Tapinotaspidini), Anthophora (Anthophorini) (2) Itaoca Section (=IS), characterized by aban- and Exomalopsis (Exomalopsini) (Neff and doned houses surrounded by plots planted with Simpson 1981). Only two genera of the family sugar cane, corn, rice and sorghum. About 300 Melittidae were observed collecting floral oil: m away from the houses there are areas with Macropis (Vogel 1976a, 1976b, Michener 1981, semideciduous forests and riparian forests; (3) Cane et al. 1983, Vogel and Michener 1985, Cerrado (s.l.) (=Ce), structurally a semidecidu- Buchmann 1987) and Rediviva (Whitehead et ous xeromorphic low-arboreal woodland or low al. 1984, Whitehead and Steiner 1985, 1992, forest, or a closed to somewhat open scrub. Buchmann 1987, Steiner and Whitehead 1988, Two distinct seasons are recognized in 1990, 1991). this region: (1) Cold and dry season (May to Among the studies carried out on Tetrapedia August) with monthly averages temperatures are the works of Michener and Lange (1958), ranging from 18.2 to 22°C and precipitation on natural nests of T. maura, in Costa Rica, from 0 to 116 mm; (2) Hot and wet season and Roubik (1987), on Tetrapedia sp., which (September to April) with monthly average nested in trap-nests in Panama. temperatures ranging from 23.2 to 27.9°C and Although T. curvitarsis Friese, 1899, T. precipitation from 8 to 368 mm. rugulosa Friese, 1899, T. diversipes Friese, Trap-nests: Three types of trap-nests (TN) 1810 and T. garofaloi Moure, 1999 are widely were used. Two of them consisted of tubes distributed and are common in our region, made with black cardboard, with one end they remain poorly understood. The purpose closed with the same material. The small nests of this paper is to present biological data on (=SN) measured 5.8 cm in length and 0.6 cm in these species obtained from trap-nests placed internal diameter, and the big nests (=BN) mea- in three habitats of São Paulo State in south- sured 8.5 cm and 0.8 cm, respectively. These eastern Brazil. tubes were inserted into horizontal holes drilled into wooden plates (30 x 11.5 x 5 cm). The other type of trap-nests consisted of bamboo MATERIAL AND METHODS canes (=B) with a nodal septum closing one end; these ranged from 7 to 25 cm in length and Study site: The study was carried out from 0.65 to 2.5 cm in internal diameter. on the Santa Carlota Farm, SP (21°18’–27’ The wooden plates, with tubes and bam- S, 47°12’–17’ W), Brazil. The farm, drained boo canes in blundies of 6-8 units were placed by several streams, involves an area of 6 300 along the shelves of a shelter built at the study ha, with altitudes ranging from 540 to 944 m. locations. The types of TN and their number Approximately 2 200 ha of the total area have were placed in study locations as follows: SS : native vegetation preserved in isolated patches 297 SN, 193 BN and 450 B; IS: 300, 120 and (semideciduous forests, riparian forests, cerra- 200; Ce: 250, 150 and 200, respectively. The dos (s.l.) and cerradões), surrounded by aban- TN were inspected at least once a month dur- doned orchards, pastures and cultivated land. ing the period January/87 to December/88 in There are also some areas in several stages of SS, from April/89 to March/91 in IS and from 176 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 53 (1-2): 175-186, March-June 2005 (www.tropiweb.com) November/89 to October/91 in Ce. At each Nest construction: After finding a suitable inspection those that contained completed nests trap, the female leaves it returning with the oily were collected and transported to the labora- substance to line the walls of the TN. During this tory. Each nest was replaced with a new TN. In time there appeared to be considerable confusion the laboratory all nests were placed in a trans- in recognition of tubes. After finishing the lining parent glass tube and kept at room temperature of the TN the female begins to collect sand or until the adults emerged. After emergences the the oily substance (transported on her hind legs) nests were opened and their contents analyzed. for construction of the first cell. It was initiated Female nesting behavior was observed with construction of the bottom wall of the cell.