SERVICE CONTRACT TO SUPPORT THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE BLUEPRINT TO SAFEGUARD EUROPE’S WATERS ASSESSMENT OF POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE BLUEPRINT FINAL REPORT Authors: Andrew Farmer, Thomas Dworak, Sarah Bogaert, Maria Berglund, Tony Zamparutti, Eduard Interwies, Pierre Strosser, Kieron Stanley, Guido Schmidt, Jan Cools, Guillermo Hernández, Dieter Vandenbroucke, Victoria Cherrier and Stephanie Newman 12 October 2012 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 6 1 INTRODUCTION, THE NEED FOR A BLUEPRINT, METHODOLOGY ............................................ 12 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Structure of the report ................................................................................................. 13 1.3 Safeguarding Europe’s waters – the need for a Blueprint .............................................. 13 1.4 Policies affecting Europe’s waters ................................................................................. 17 1.5 The justification for EU level intervention and types of intervention ............................. 25 1.6 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 29 2 IDENTIFYING KEY PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THE BLUEPRINT ..................................... 36 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 36 2.2 Initial analysis ............................................................................................................... 36 2.3 Unlocking measures to improve the status of water ..................................................... 38 2.4 Governance of water policy .......................................................................................... 42 2.5 Knowledge base and innovation ................................................................................... 42 2.6 Global issues ................................................................................................................ 43 2.7 Refinement of the problem definitions ......................................................................... 44 2.8 Objectives for the Blueprint and interaction with problems .......................................... 49 2.9 Level 1 problems .......................................................................................................... 49 2.10 Level 2 problems .......................................................................................................... 50 2.11 Level 3 problems .......................................................................................................... 51 2.12 Methodology for the impact assessment ...................................................................... 55 3 PRICING ................................................................................................................................ 59 3.1 Introduction and problem definition ............................................................................ 59 3.2 Baseline and the justification for EU level action .......................................................... 62 3.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 67 3.4 The options and their elaboration ................................................................................ 68 3.5 Effectiveness, efficiency and coherence of the options ................................................. 72 3.6 Acceptability ................................................................................................................ 74 3.7 Economic, social and environmental impacts ................................................................ 77 3.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 84 4 METERING ............................................................................................................................ 89 4.1 Introduction and problem definition ............................................................................ 89 4.2 Baseline and the justification for EU level action .......................................................... 90 4.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 93 4.4 The options and their elaboration ................................................................................ 93 4.5 Effectiveness, efficiency and coherence of the options ................................................. 97 4.6 Acceptability .............................................................................................................. 100 4.7 Economic, social and environmental impacts .............................................................. 104 4.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 109 5 GLOBAL ASPECTS ................................................................................................................ 114 5.1 Introduction and problem definition .......................................................................... 114 5.2 Baseline and justification for EU level action .............................................................. 117 5.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 122 5.4 The options and their elaboration .............................................................................. 123 5.5 Effectiveness, efficiency and coherence of the options ............................................... 126 5.6 Acceptability .............................................................................................................. 134 5.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 136 6 LAND USE IMPACTS ............................................................................................................ 138 6.1 Introduction and problem description ........................................................................ 138 6.2 Baseline and the justification for EU level action ........................................................ 146 6.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 150 6.4 The options and their elaboration .............................................................................. 151 6.5 Effectiveness, efficiency, and coherence of the options .............................................. 156 6.6 Acceptability .............................................................................................................. 157 6.7 Economic, social and environmental impacts .............................................................. 160 6.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 169 7 WATER EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS AND APPLIANCES .......................................................... 176 7.1 Introduction and problem description ........................................................................ 176 7.2 Baseline and the justification for EU level action ........................................................ 179 7.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 181 7.4 The options and their elaboration .............................................................................. 182 7.5 Effectiveness, efficiency and coherence ...................................................................... 185 7.6 Acceptability .............................................................................................................. 187 7.7 Economic, social and environmental impacts .............................................................. 189 7.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 199 8 EFFICIENCY OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: REDUCING LEAKS ..................................... 211 3 8.1 Introduction and problem definition .......................................................................... 211 8.2 Baseline and justification for EU level action .............................................................. 213 8.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 215 8.4 The options and their elaboration .............................................................................. 217 8.5 Effectiveness, efficiency and coherence of the options ............................................... 221 8.6 Acceptability .............................................................................................................. 223 8.7 Economic, social and environmental impacts .............................................................. 225 8.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 230 9 SUPPORT TO WATER RE-USE ..............................................................................................