Investigating Critical Incidents, Driver Restart Period, Sleep Quantity, and Crash Countermeasures in Commercial Vehicle Operations Using Naturalistic Data Collection November 2016 FOREWORD The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) commissioned this on-road naturalistic driving (ND) study to investigate light-vehicle/heavy-vehicle (LV-HV) interactions and other safety issues related to commercial motor vehicle (CMV) crash risk. The primary goal of this report was to document the data collection effort and report on the investigated crashes, near-crashes, and crash-relevant conflicts from the HV driver’s perspective in order to help determine functional countermeasures. Identifying these functional countermeasures is expected to assist in the development of effective technologies, enforcement strategies, training and education needs, and other specific countermeasures to reduce CMV crashes and their associated injuries and fatalities. NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its contents or the use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the contractor, who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the U.S. Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers named herein. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FMCSA-RRR-13-017 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Investigating Critical Incidents, Driver Restart Period, Sleep Quantity, November 2016 and Crash Countermeasures in Commercial Vehicle Operations Using Naturalistic Data Collection 6 . Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Blanco, Myra, Hickman, Jeffrey S., Olson, Rebecca L., Bocanegra, Joseph L., Hanowski, Richard J., Nakata, Akiko, Greening, Mike, Madison, Phillip, Holbrook, G. Thomas, and Bowman, Darrell 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Virginia Technical Transportation Institute 3500 Transportation Research Plaza (0536) 11. Contract or Grant No. Blacksburg, VA 24061 DTFH61-01-C-00049, Task Order # 23 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration December 2004–March 2008 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE Washington, DC 20590 14. Sponsoring Agency Code FMCSA 15. Supplementary Notes This program was managed by Martin Walker at the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). 16. Abstract This report presents the final results of an on-road naturalistic driving data collection effort to investigate light- vehicle/heavy-vehicle (LV-HV) interactions and other safety issues related to commercial motor vehicle (CMV) crash risk. The three primary focus areas in this on-road study were work/rest parameters relating to driver fatigue and incident involvement, event causation, and LV-HV interaction and applicable functional countermeasures. The primary goal of this on-road study was to investigate crashes, near-crashes, and crash-relevant conflicts from the HV driver’s perspective in order to help determine functional countermeasures. Identifying these functional countermeasures is expected to assist in the development of effective technologies, enforcement strategies, training and education programs, and other specific countermeasures to reduce CMV crashes and their associated injuries and fatalities. More than 14,500 driving hours of valid data were collected during 2,200 driving shifts with almost 26,000 on-duty hours of activity recorded by drivers in daily activity registers. The instrumented trucks covered nearly 735,000 miles during recorded driving hours. Several research questions were addressed by using these data in addition to the LV-HV interactions and countermeasures. They evaluate aspects related to the restart period and sleep patterns with respect to safety-critical events (SCEs) that happened during the data collection. A total of 2,899 SCEs were identified by data analysts and analyzed in detail. These events comprise 13 crashes (8 of which are tire strikes), 61 near-crashes, 1,594 crash-relevant conflicts, 1,215 unintentional lane deviations, and 16 illegal maneuvers. In addition, the 65,000-plus hours of collected actigraphy data were analyzed to help address some of the research questions. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement CMV, commercial motor vehicle, countermeasures, No restrictions crashes, naturalistic, restart period, sleep, work\rest 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 225 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized. SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS Table of APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH In inches 25.4 Millimeters mm Ft feet 0.305 Meters m Yd yards 0.914 Meters m Mi miles 1.61 Kilometers km AREA in² square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm² ft² square feet 0.093 square meters m² yd² square yards 0.836 square meters m² Ac acres 0.405 Hectares ha mi² square miles 2.59 square kilometers km² VOLUME 1000 L shall be shown in m³ fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 Milliliters mL Gal gallons 3.785 Liters L ft³ cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m³ yd³ cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m³ MASS Oz ounces 28.35 Grams g Lb pounds 0.454 Kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or “metric ton”) Mg (or “t”) TEMPERATURE Temperature is in exact degrees °F Fahrenheit 5 × (F-32) ÷ 9 Celsius °C or (F-32) ÷ 1.8 ILLUMINATION Fc foot-candles 10.76 Lux lx Fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m² cd/m² Force and Pressure or Stress Lbf poundforce 4.45 Newtons N lbf/in² poundforce per square inch 6.89 Kilopascals kPa Table of APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH Mm millimeters 0.039 Inches in M meters 3.28 Feet ft M meters 1.09 Yards yd Km kilometers 0.621 Miles mi AREA mm² square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in² m² square meters 10.764 square feet ft² m² square meters 1.195 square yards yd² Ha hectares 2.47 Acres ac km² square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi² VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 Gallons gal m³ cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft³ m³ cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd³ MASS G grams 0.035 Ounces oz Kg kilograms 2.202 Pounds lb Mg (or “t”) megagrams (or “metric ton”) 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE Temperature is in exact degrees °C Celsius 1.8c + 32 Fahrenheit °F ILLUMINATION Lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m² candela/m² 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl Force & Pressure Or Stress N newtons 0.225 Poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in² * SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003, Section 508-accessible version September 2009.) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................ xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Traditional Approach to Crash Causation ......................................................... 1 1.1.2 Naturalistic Data Collection .............................................................................. 2 1.1.3 Project Goal and General Requirements ........................................................... 2 1.1.4 Organization of this Report ............................................................................... 3 2. OVERVIEW OF PHASE I: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED IN THE DROWSY DRIVER WARNING SYSTEM FIELD OPERTIONAL TEST ..........................................................................................................5 2.1 METHODS ....................................................................................................................6 2.2 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................7 2.2.1 Issue 1: Analysis of Heavy-vehicle Safety Events ........................................... 7 2.2.2 Issue 2: Countermeasure Identification ............................................................ 7 2.2.3 Issue 3: Driving Patterns and Work/Rest Schedules......................................... 8 2.2.4 Issue 4: Correlates of Driver Risk ..................................................................... 8 2.3 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................9 3. METHODS ..........................................................................................................................11 3.1 APPARATUS ..............................................................................................................11