andrZeJ synowiec THE SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT OF THE JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR STEFAN JENTYS DURING WORLD WAR I Stefan Jentys was a Polish plant physiologist, agricultural chemist, agronomist and populariser of agricultural issues. He was born on 21 June 1860 in War- saw, where he finished high school and began his university studies in 1877. Arrested for oppositional activities by tsarist authorities in 1877, he had to leave Warsaw after being released. He continued his studies at the Univer- sity of Agriculture in Dubliany near Lʹviv (at that time Austrian Galicia, to- day — Ukraine). After graduation, in 1884, he received a scholarship from the Lʹviv National Department and left the country to study abroad. He stud- ied in Leipzig, Munich, Brno, and Tübingen, where in 1886 he was award- ed a PhD in Philosophy for his dissertation written in German The Influence of High Oxygen Pressure on Plant Growth. In 1887, Jentys visited agricultur- al experiment stations in Germany, Belgium and England. Then he started his academic career (he gave lectures on agriculture and agricultural chemistry) in Dubliany and at the same time he conducted research. In 1899, he was grant- ed the title of professor. At that time he published numerous works on plant physiology and agricultural chemistry. After a conflict with the National Divi- sion (a superior unit of Dubliany University) over further development of this facility, in 1892 he moved to Cracow and took the position of assistant lec- turer at the Faculty of Agricultural Chemistry, at the Jagiellonian University. It was there that he received his postdoctoral degree and the title of Reader in Agricultural Chemistry and Agriculture in 1894. In 1899, after Profes- sor Franciszek Czarnomorski’s death, he took over the Faculty of Agriculture 168 andrZeJ synowiec and Agricultural Chemistry at the Jagiellonian University — first as associ- ate professor and then as full professor (in 1902). In 1902, he became head of the Agricultural Experiment Unit (AEU), established in collaboration be- tween the Jagiellonian University and the Cracow Agricultural Society (CAS). Jentys’s aim was to improve the Galician farming and to increase agricultur- al production. He managed and supervised a network of experimental farms. In the AEU, he established a seed control station. The issues related to rural cooperatives were important to him. Additionally, as a member of the Physi- ographic Committee in the Academy of Learning, in Cracow, he actively par- ticipated in the Committee’s proceedings.1 Jentys’s academic work, focused mainly on experimental agriculture, was dis- rupted by the outbreak of World War I. Professor Jentys got involved in social activities. In particular, he participated in the activities of Bishop Adam Sapie- ha’s Aid Committee and the Advice and Support Office of the Supreme Nation- al Committee for Poles under Russian rule. In addition, by the end of the war he initiated the establishment of an economic organization known as “Econom- ic Independence Union.” PROFESSOR STEFAN JENTYS’S INVOLVEMENT IN THE DUKE AND BISHOP’S AID COMMITTEE FOR WAR VICTIMS Stefan Jentys was among the first who responded to Adam Stefan Sapieha’s ap- peal issued on 25 December 1914, in which Sapieha called on people to sup- port the Poles affected by the war. It read: “Today we do not hesitate to appeal to human and Christian feelings all over the world, in the sense of unity among people, which still exists despite the horrors of war… We are calling on every- body — compatriots and other nations, generous-hearted people — to rush to help in any way they can, for we are not able to soothe the wounds of this heavy defeat.”2 Sapieha’s appeal got a lot of publicity not only among the Poles. By January 1915 a temporary aid committee was already established. It consist- ed of 13 members, including the Jagiellonian University Professor Stefan Jentys, plus the Chairman Bishop Sapieha. The Jagiellonian University was also rep- resented in the Committee by the following professors: Kazimierz Kostanecki 1 Franciszek Górski, Jentys Stefan, in Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 11, ed. Emanu- el Roztworowski et al. (Wrocław, Warsaw, and Cracow: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossoliń- skich — ­Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1965), 173–174. 2 “Odezwa ks. bpa A.S. Sapiehy z 25 grudnia 1914 r. do narodów o pomoc dla polski i dla ofiar wojny,”Notificationes no. 1 (1915), 2. All quotations from non-English sources in this paper translated into English by the author. The Social Involvement of the Jagiellonian University Professor Stefan Jentys During World War I 169 (Jagiellonian University’s Rector and Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Sa- pieha’s deputy in the Committee), Emil Godlewski Sr. (botanist, agricultural chemist, creator of plant physiognomy), Kazimierz Morawski (classical philol- ogist and historian), Bolesław Ulanowski (historian) and Rev. Czesław Wądol- ny, PhD. They all worked in the Committee for free. As the Committee repre- sentatives, they were allowed to request reimbursement for travel expenses, but only for business trips. On 15 March 1915 Stefan Jentys, Michał Garapich, head of the Mutu- al Insurance Association in Cracow, and Prince Władysław Sapieha, depu- ty of the Diet of Galicia, became members of the Committee’s Supervisory Board. When in late April a fostering section was established, Stefan Jentys became its member.3 Jentys also established the first draft rules of the Cracow Bishop’s Aid Committee for War Victims, which included the first ten points of the later 15-point statutes, approved on 19 May 1915 by Galicia’s governor Witold Ko- rytowski.4 In fact, the official name did not come into force and this institution was commonly known as “Duke and Bishop’s Aid Committee for War Victims” (DBC in short). The latter was also used by the Committee.5 According to the statutes, the Committee was to carry out only humanitarian and economic activities as a Christian charity. Depending on available funds, the Committee planned to provide help, both emergency aid and long-term sup- port, to residents of Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland who suffered due to mil- itary actions. Its activity was to be conducted through sections which would be established if needed, but the statutes provided for the establishment of four sections: emergency aid, fostering, sanitary and economic.6 The source of DBC funds was donations given by people7 and various institutions such as the Cen- tral Aid Committee for Polish War Victims, set up in Vevey, in Switzerland, by Polish Noble Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz, famous pianist and com- 3 Trzy lata działalności KBK. Sprawozdanie Książęco-Biskupiego Komitetu Pomocy dla Dot- kniętych Klęską Wojny za lata 1915–1917 (Cracow: Książęco-Biskupi Komitet Pomocy dla Dotkniętych Klęską Wojny, 1918), 30–31. 4 Cf. “I Statut Krakowskiego Biskupiego Komitetu Pomocy dla Dotkniętych Klęską Wojny,” in Trzy lata działalności KBK, 11–13. 5 Ibid., 11. 6 Ibid., 11–12. 7 DBC donors were listed in Cracow newspapers. Cf. Marian Kęsek, Zofia Steczowicz- -Sajderowa, Dary na KBK w latach 1915–1917 wyszczególnione w „Czasie” i „Głosie Narodu,” appendix in Adam Baciński, Działalność charytatywna Adama Stefana Sapie- hy do roku 1918, in Księga Sapieżyńska. Praca zbiorowa, vol. 1, Archidiecezja krakowska za pasterzowania Adama Stefana Sapiechy, ed. Jerzy Wolny (Cracow: Polskie Towarzystwo Teologiczne, 1982), 273–275. 170 andrZeJ synowiec poser Ignacy Paderewski and lawyer, publicist, philanthropist and national activist Antoni Osuchowski.8 Jentys worked actively in the DBC from the beginning. He was engaged, among others, in the activities of the supply section, which — like the emergency aid section — saved people from the war-torn Polish territories from the beginning of the DBC. Food supplies were gathered and transported as quickly as possible to the places where they were most needed. In time, the supply section encoun- tered more and more difficulties in purchasing food supplies and taking them out of Cracow. The central supply authorities seized all food articles and even humanitarian organizations were not allowed to buy such articles. The supply section was closed down in December 1916.9 Jentys visited many Galician districts to see the needs of local people with his own eyes. During June 1915 he would arrive in Miechów together with the DBC secretary Jan Górski. A decision was made to help the Polish officials who stayed there; after the withdrawal of Russian forces, they were in a very difficult financial situation, without income and supplies.10 As Jentys advised, 3,000 crowns were given for the establishment of loan funds for the officials and 2,000 crowns for an orphanage. Additionally, in December 1915 a hostel for children — mainly from Zagłębie Dąbrowskie — was established in the Miechów District, in Brzesk Nowy, thanks to the efforts of local landowners. Jentys helped also this DBC fa- cility, providing money and milk. Even as early as 1915 Jentys and secretary Górski visited another area, i.e. the ­Jędrzejów District. The DBC representatives were given 8,000 crowns for the Jędrzejów District to buy food and were asked to properly distrib- ute food articles among the hungry people from the destroyed and demolished vil- lages near the Nida River. In 1916 additional 36 boxes of milk for local orphan- ages were sent to Jędrzejów by the DBC.11 Stefan Jentys was a keen supporter of the establishment and development of an economic committee of vast competences — it had been already planned in the first DBC statutes. The objective was mainly to increase the number of DBC branches and establish rural facilities which would strengthen the national econ- omy. Among the DBC branches set up by Jentys, the one in Wieliczka must be 8 Cf. Jagiellonian University Archives (hereafter: JUA), Spuścizna 6. Stefan Jentys (hereaf- ter: SSJ), Spuścizna 6/7 (hereafter: file no.