University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Rehabilitation, Human Resources and Rehabilitation, Human Resources and Communication Disorders Undergraduate Honors Communication Disorders Theses 5-2017 Musical Ear Syndrome: What Do We Know? Cara D. Pestel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/rhrcuht Part of the Interprofessional Education Commons, Other Music Commons, Psychiatric and Mental Health Commons, Speech and Hearing Science Commons, and the Speech Pathology and Audiology Commons Recommended Citation Pestel, Cara D., "Musical Ear Syndrome: What Do We Know?" (2017). Rehabilitation, Human Resources and Communication Disorders Undergraduate Honors Theses. 56. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/rhrcuht/56 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Rehabilitation, Human Resources and Communication Disorders at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rehabilitation, Human Resources and Communication Disorders Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Musical Ear Syndrome 1 Running head: MUSICAL EAR SYNDROME Musical Ear Syndrome: What do we know? Cara D. Pestel Program in Communication Disorders Honors Thesis 2017 Musical Ear Syndrome 2 Abstract The purpose of this study was to review the existing literature regarding Musical Ear Syndrome and other related auditory hallucinations. While the existence of auditory hallucinations is evident, their cause is unclear and widely understudied. There was a need for existing information to be compiled for use in the healthcare field. This review of existing literature will aid speech-language pathologists, audiologists, nurses, psychologists, and physicians in understanding this condition and what differentiates it from other various disorders. This will allow these professionals to better understand the experiences and needs of those with Musical Ear Syndrome. Musical Ear Syndrome 3 Musical Ear Syndrome: What do we know? Musical ear syndrome is a condition that causes individuals to hear music that is not actually present and cannot be heard by those around them. It has also been described as “a condition that causes patients with hearing impairment to have non-psychiatric auditory hallucinations” (Çakmak, Sahín, Çinar, & Karsidag, 2016, p. 91). Bhatt and Carpenter (2012, p. 615) define musical hallucinations as a type of auditory hallucination “characterized by the perception of music in the absence of external acoustic stimuli.” Regardless of which definition is used, Musical Ear Syndrome is a unique and rare condition that affects quality of life and merits additional interest from the medical community. This condition is primarily important due to the effects it has on those who experience it. Imagine for a moment the inability to control what type of music plays, how often it plays, or at what volume it plays. The experiences of these patients are both terrible and fascinating. Lizzie Ward (2012), a deaf woman who wrote about her experience with Musical Ear Syndrome on her blog, reported that her musical hallucinations would sometimes disappear when she wore her hearing aids, but would return when she consciously remembered she was no longer hearing music. While at times she considers the music as “something of a pest”, she also sees a positive light to her condition. Ward describes her musical hallucinations as “something that entertains me- reminding me of how much I love music” (2012). Another individual reported his musical hallucinations to be “constant”. Commenting on his experience with the disorder, he stated “sometimes it’s very annoying and at other times it’s kind of fun” (Voorhees, 2014). It is interesting to Musical Ear Syndrome 4 note that some of those who experience MES are not particularly bothered by it, and may even occasionally enjoy its presence. Others, however, do not seem to find any enjoyment, even part-time, in their unusual condition. One woman, 71 years of age, reported having difficulty concentrating on household chores and social endeavors. Her musical hallucinations eventually became so severe that she could not “follow a conversation to an end, watch a movie, read a book, or look after her 4-year-old niece” (Focseneanu & Marian, 2015, p. 534). Yet another individual, Wilna Staniszewski (2014) wrote: “MES [Musical Ear Syndrome] is the worst. I can’t live with it. It affects my daily life, my hearing, my sleeping, and how I interact with people. It takes over your life and creates a different person.” It is evident that musical hallucinations can cause an array of effects and a decline in quality of life for those who experience them; for this reason, medical professionals should be aware of what Musical Ear Syndrome is and how it can be treated. Patient centered care is the cornerstone of treatment. This review of personal comments on hearing non-existing music proves that there is a need for therapists such as speech-language pathologists and audiologists to be aware of this syndrome in order to provide patient centered care. The purpose of this extensive review on Musical Ear Syndrome is to provide an overview that may be useful to healthcare professionals who encounter clients with this syndrome. This will allow these professionals to provide the most appropriate and individualized care possible. Musical Ear Syndrome 5 Methodology Procedures and Materials In order to complete a literature review on Musical Ear Syndrome, an abundance of information was compiled. This information included scientific information as well as personal accounts and anecdotes about Musical Ear Syndrome. To find scientific, research-based data the following sources were investigated: books, journals, library databases such as EBSCO and Pub Med, and open access resources such as the National Institutes of Health. The anecdotal information was collected from social media resources such as Facebook posts, YouTube videos, and online blogs. The combination of these sources comprised the materials for this literature review. Analysis of Sources A total of 22 sources that referenced Musical Ear Syndrome or associated conditions were identified. Of these, two were basic research articles; thirteen were applied articles; five were books and/or other publications. Anecdotal information was collected via social media. Two came from websites, while one was discovered on an online blog. Review of the Literature Defining Musical Ear Syndrome Dr. Neil Bauman, who coined the term “Musical Ear Syndrome”, has defined it as “hearing non-tinnitus phantom sounds (that is, auditory hallucinations) of a non- psychiatric nature, often musical but also including voices and other strange sounds” (Simpson, 2014, p. 19). As previously stated, Musical Ear Syndrome (MES) Musical Ear Syndrome 6 is a type of nonverbal auditory hallucination “characterized by the perception of music in the absence of external acoustic stimuli” (Bhatt & Carpenter, 2012, p. 615). Musical hallucinations associated with MES are most often “hymns, Christmas carols, and patriotic sounds” (Simpson, 2014, p. 19), but can also consist of other music such as orchestras or popular music. History. Jean Etienne Esquirol, student of famous french physician Philippe Pinel in the early 1800s, described hallucinations as an “intimate conviction of a sensation actually perceived, while no external object capable of exciting that sensation is accessible to the senses” (Kyziridis, 2005, p. 44). While it is difficult to determine the history of Musical Ear Syndrome, it is plausible that this definition could have applied to hallucinations of a musical nature. Studies have shown that schizophrenia, a disorder that causes hallucinations, has been found in all existing cultures (Kyziridis, 2005). Unsurprisingly, each one has its own interpretation of what causes hallucinations, as well as what they could mean. Ancient Hindu documents speculate that “madness” resulted from disproportionate humours and elements of the body, while Chinese texts listed demonic possession as the cause for abnormalities of mental health. In fact, the majority of theories regarding mental disorders throughout history suspected supernatural possession. Unfortunately, this led to various unpleasant and appalling methods that aimed to rid of the demonic entities, such as drilling holes into the patient’s skull or using electric shock to attempt to expel the demonic spirits (Kyziridis, 2005). As time went on, treatment for mental illness changed, but did not necessarily improve. Because the cause of mental illnesses was unknown, families were commonly blamed for the condition of Musical Ear Syndrome 7 a patient. This theory continued for many years. In the 1950s, families of patients with schizophrenia were told that the disorder resulted in a problematic relationship between mother and child; data shows that family issues were assumed to be the cause of mental disorders as recently as the 1970s (Drake, Green, Mueser, & Goldman, 2003). furthermore, patients with schizophrenia and other similar conditions were locked away in their homes or in grim institutions, where they were sometimes kept sedated for the remainder of their lives. While treatments like skull drilling were mostly eradicated, electric shock treatments continued, causing burns, seizures, and sometimes memory loss (Shorter & Healy, 2013). Further down the road, medication became the most prominent treatment