The Seaforths and the Strikers: Nanaimo, August 1913 REGINALD H. ROY During the course of its long history, the Canadian Military1 has been called out "in aid of the civil power" on numerous occasions. More recently floods and forest fires have been major causes, but earlier in this century "aid to the civil power" frequentiy meant supporting local police who were unable to cope with the unrest or disorder caused by a major strike. This particular type of aid was probably the most disliked task a militia regiment might be called upon to perform. Strikes by miners in the Nanaimo area had resulted in the militia being called out in 1877 and again in 1890. Twenty-two years later, in 1912, a series of events took place which once again set the miners against the managers and owners of the coal mines in the area. In part the miners were striving for union recognition, they wanted greater safety precau­ tions in the mines, and there were a number of other issues which the miners felt must be resolved. In September the strike began, and as usual it was met by management with the hiring or retention of non-union workers together with the employment, from Victoria and elsewhere, of a large number of special constables to protect the property of the mining companies. As the months dragged on the situation got uglier. There were confron­ tations and constant threats between the strikers and the working miners. By the late summer of 1913, following riots, arson and "shoot-outs," the situation was such it was obvious that law and order could no longer be maintained either by the local police or the special constabulary. It was at this point that the call went out for the militia. 1 The "permanent" or "regular" soldiers were referred to for a long time as the Permanent Active Militia. The "reserve" or "part-time" soldiers were termed the Non-Permanent Active Militia. 81 BG STUDIES, no. 43, Autumn 1979 82 BG STUDIES Among the regiments and corps called upon for this duty was the 72nd Regiment, Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, located in Vancouver. It had come into being in November 1910. Prior to its commitment to Nanaimo the regiment had very little training in military affairs and none in what would now be termed riot control. A few of the officers and other ranks had seen service in the Boer War and others, without doubt, had served some years in the British army. There would be, therefore, a thin layer of officers and men with some peacetime or wartime experience. For the most part, however, the volunteer militia would have only one or two evenings of training each week through the fall and winter months while the highlight of training during the year would be a week or ten days in a summer camp. In a word, like most other militia units in Canada at the time, the 72nd Regiment was composed mostly of enthusiastic amateurs. Simple arms and foot drill, minor field tactics, some range work and lectures on military affairs took up most of their time. As potential peace keepers — or indeed peace makers — they had little knowledge and no experience. The account which follows was written by Captain William Rae, the Adjutant of the 72nd Regiment at the time. Although undated, it was probably written in September or October 1913 at the request of Lt.-Col. John A. Hall, who was commanding the "Civil Aid Force in Nanaimo" at the request of the District Officer Commanding, Colonel A. Roy, the senior permanent force officer in British Columbia. Although interesting in itself, Rae's narrative is modest about the deportment and discipline of his men who were thrust into a tense situa­ tion with little to guide them but their own good sense supported by such military discipline they had absorbed as volunteer militia. In the two weeks they were on duty not a shot was fired nor were there any physical clashes between soldiers and strikers. Rae's last paragraph is particularly poignant in view of later events. A year after this event Canada was at war, and a good proportion of the officers and men who served in Nanaimo were to be killed or wounded overseas. The same is probably true of the strikers. # .<8& # The Seaforths and the Strikers 83 NARRATIVE AND APPRECIATION OF EVENTS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, AUGUST insist, 1913. By Capt. W. Rae. At 2:15 p.m. on Thursday, 14th August, 1913, instructions were received from the D.O.C., M.D. No. 1i,2 for the 72nd Regiment to proceed to Cum­ berland, V.I. on Strike Duty. Orders were at once issued for mobilization, and the regiment paraded at 6 p.m. As further orders had by that time been received from Headquarters, the men were dismissed and ordered to parade again at 10 p.m. with Kit Bags complete and Rations for 24 hours. The Regi­ ment paraded as ordered and left Vancouver by S.S. "Princess Patricia" at midnight. The Regiment had a rather mixed reception in marching through the streets, a good deal of hostility being shown by a section of the crowd, but it may be noted that there was no sign of this on the return. A guard of 1 Sergeant and 5 Men was left at Headquarters, and 20 Officers and 167 other ranks embarked. Including the detachments leaving Vancouver on the two following days and other details, 256 men in all were on duty, but the greatest strength actually mobilised at any one time was about 230. Two Com­ panies 6th Regt. D.C.O.R.3 strength — 6 Officers and 100 other ranks joined at the boat, and 1 Officer C.E. [Canadian Engineers], 1 Officer and 5 Men C.A.M.C. [Canadian Army Medical Corps] and 11 N.C.Os and men C.A.S.C. [Canadian Army Service Corps] were attached. The whole force proceeding to Cumberland was under the command of Major J. S. Tait,4 72nd Regt. and the Adjutant was Capt. W. Rae5 72nd Regt. The machine gun of the 72 nd Regt. was taken along, but no blankets or equip­ ment of any kind except the men's Kit Bags and 12,000 rounds of ammuni­ tion of which 20 rounds per man was issued prior to embarkation. A similar supply was carried by the 6th Regt. The S.S. "Patricia" not being fitted with sleeping accommodation, all ranks had to sleep in the saloons and passage-ways, the Officers being given the dining saloon. Union Bay was reached about 5 a.m. on the 15th and after some delay a train was procured to carry the force to Cumberland, which 2 The District Officer Commanding, Military District 11 (i.e., British Columbia) was Colonel A. Roy. 3 The 6th Regiment, the Duke of Connaught's Own Rifles, originated in 1883 but was converted from artillery to infantry in 1899. Like the 72nd Regiment, the Sea- forth Highlanders of Canada, it was located in Vancouver. So, too, were the detachments mentioned immediately below in the text, i.e., C.E. (Canadian En­ gineers), C.A.M.C. (Canadian Army Medical Corps) and C.A.S.C. (Canadian Army Service Corps ). 4 Lt.-Col. J. S. Tait was appointed to command the 72nd Regiment in 1914. Born in Scotland in 1875, he came to Vancouver in 1897 and was agent for Crawford and Stuart, cannery suppliers. He was closely associated with community projects as well as military and social life in Vancouver. 5 Captain William Rae was born in Scotland in 1883 and educated at Aberdeen Uni­ versity. He had been an officer in the Gordon Highlanders before coming to Van­ couver when he joined the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada in 1910. He had a dis­ tinguished record of service overseas in 1914-1918. 84 BC STUDIES was reached about 7 a.m. Arms were piled on the football ground and sentries posted, and then enquiries were made as to suitable billeting accom­ modation. A new school adjoining the football field was found to be available and quarters allotted to the troops there. A field kitchen, incincerator and latrines were dug under the supervision of Lt. Robertson, C.E., and a water supply was laid on to the cook-house by the municipality. Cooking utensils and food were purchased in the village and a hot meal was got ready by mid­ day while by supper time the cookhouse was organized in practically the manner in which it remained permanently, except that later on overhead shelters and benches were added. The Officers were given the use of a large dwelling-house, standing in fine grounds of its own near the football field. As it was some three hundred yards distant from the school a guard of 20 men was posted in it at night with some signallers, and signal lamps placed in view of the sentries at both places, so that communication could be established immediately. One Officer per company and the Orderly Officer slept in the school. At 4 p.m. one Company 6th Regt. D.C.O.R., was sent to Union Bay to guard extensive bunkers and tipples of the Colliery Co., all of whose shipping is done from that point. Owing to the extent of ground to be covered this meant very heavy duty on all ranks. On the night of the 15th, in addition to a double guard at the school and the guard at the Officers Quarters, pickets were also sent to the pithead and railway station.