H D T E C N I R A C P L X E E R Sexual Violence S E A M I C T H C A L L V I Sexual violence encompasses a variety of criminal acts—from sexual threats to unwanted contact to rape. Sexual violence is pervasive and often traumatizing to its victims. For a number of reasons, however, including the stigma and insensitive treatment often associated with these crimes, sexual violence remains highly underreported. Sexual violence is also a difficult concept to measure, primarily due to: inconsistent definitions of sexual assault and rape; differing reporting requirements across local, state, and national law enforcement; and low conviction rates. While people of all genders and gender identities are victims of sexual violence, the majority of these acts are perpetrated Sexual Violence by male offendersSexual against Violence female victims. Most victims know the perpetrator in some capacity, either as a friend, (Rate per 1,000 Individuals) (Rate per 1,000 Individuals) 5.0 acquaintance, family member, or intimate partner. For more5.0 information, see the Campus Victimization fact sheet in 4.0 this series. 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 CRIME TRENDS 1.0 1.0 Over their lifetime, an estimated 19% of women and 2% of men will have been raped, while 44% of women and 23% of men will experience some other form of sexual violence.A According 0.0to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in the 10 years from 2006 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2006to 2015,2007 the2008 rates 2009 of sexual 2010 violence 2011 for2012 both 2013 women 2014 and 2015 men experienced no significant change. Rates of sexual violence reported to police also did not change significantly from 2006 to 2015. Consistently acrossMale this period,Female an average of 33% of Male Female B sexual victimizations were reported to police. B Sexual Violence Victimization and ReportingB* SexualSexual Violence Violence by Victim Sex * Sexual Violence Victimization and Reporting rate per 1,000 people Sexual Violence(Rate per rateVictimization 1,000 per 1,000 Individuals) people and Reporting (Rate per 1,000 people) 5.0 5 5 (Rate per 1,000 people) Men 5 Sexual violence victimization 5 4.0 Women 4 Sexual violence victimization reported to law enforcement 4 3.0 3 2.1 2.2 2.2 3 2.0 2 1.3 1.2 1.3 2 1.0 0.4 1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 1 0.0 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012 20132013 20142014 20152015 National Estimate Reported to Law Enforcement 0 Male Female *Estimates based on 3-year rolling averages centered on the most recent year. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 National Estimate Reported to Law Enforcement DID YOU KNOW? Of sexualSexual violence Violence victims Victimization in 2015, about and 19%Reporting reported receiving victim services(Rate per, which 1,000 could people) include information, 5 In 2010, 38% of heterosexual female rape victims were emotional support, help finding resources, and other 18–24 years old when they were first raped; 28% were first B 4 assistance. raped between 11 and 17 years old.C 3 Sexual Violence Victims Who Received In 2011, 64% of multiracial women and 40% of multiracial B 2 Victim Services men had experienced some form of sexual violence other 1 than rape.A Received services (19%) 0 Did not receive services (81%) In 2016, an estimated 14,900 military members 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 National Estimate Reported to Law Enforcement experienced a sexual assault in the year prior—a decrease from 2014.D Of inmates in state and federal prison in 2011–2012, 4% reported experiencing sexual victimization.E 2018 National Crime Victims’ Rights Week Resource Guide: Crime and Victimization Fact Sheets CURRENT DATA ON SEXUAL VIOLENCE THE COST OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE According to the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual The estimated lifetime cost of rape victimization is Violence Survey (NISVS), about half (51%)[Sexual of female Violence] victims $122,461 per victim, or $3.1 trillion for all rape victims. Version: 1.0 of rape reported being raped by an intimate partner, and Lost work productivity and medical costs are the highest 40.8% by an acquaintance. For male victims, more than half costs associated with rape victimization, totaling $1.6 and (52.4%) reported being raped by an acquaintance, and 15.1% $1.2 trillion, respectively. Criminal justice service activities by a stranger.F associated with rape victimization total $234 billion, while other costs, including victim property loss or damage, total $36 billion.G Rape Victims’ Relationship to the PerpetratorEconomic F Burden of Sexual Violence by Type by victim sex of Cost 100% G Men Economic Burden of Sexual Violence Women by type of cost 52 51 41 Lost work productivity (52%) 15 14 13 Medical costs (39%) 3 $3.1 trillion Criminal justice activities (8%) Acquaintance Intimate Stranger Family Authority Other (1%) partner* member* figure* *Estimates not reported for men due to small sample size. Lost Work Productivity Medical Costs Criminal Justice Activities Other Costs CAMPUS SEXUAL ASSAULT A survey of more than 23,000 students across 9 higher SOURCES education institutions found that:H A Matthew J. Breiding et al., Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, • 1 in 5 female students in their fourth year of college Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization - National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, 2011, (Atlanta: CDC, 2014), www.cdc. had experienced attempted or completed sexual gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6308.pdf assault while in college. B Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, Concat- enated File, 1992-2015, (U.S. Department of Justice), https://ucr.fbi.gov/ • Freshman women were at greater risk for sexual crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-23 assault during the first months of the school year C M.L. Walters et al., The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Sur- (August-October) than at any other time throughout vey: 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation, (Atlanta: CDC, college. 2013), www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_sofindings.pdf D U.S. Department of Defense, DoD Plan to Prevent and Respond to Sexual • About 65% of surveyed rape victims reported the Assault of Military Men, (Arlington, VA: 2016), www.sapr.mil/public/docs/ incident to a friend, family member, or roommate. Less prevention/DoD-Plan-to-Prevent-and-Respond-to-Sexual-Assault-of- than 10% reported it to police or school officials. Military-Men_Approved.pdf E Allen J. Beck et al., Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by In 2015, the Association of American Universities Inmates, 2011-2012, (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. De- (AAU) published a report on sexual assault and sexual partment of Justice, 2013), www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf misconduct. Based on a survey of more than 150,000 F M.C. Black et al., The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey students at 27 universities, their findings indicated:I (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report, (Atlanta: CDC, 2011), www.cdc.gov/violen- ceprevention/pdf/NISVS_Report2010-a.pdf • 11.7% of student respondents reported experiencing G Cora Peterson et al., “Lifetime Economic Burden of Rape Among U.S. some form of nonconsensual sexual contact. Adults,” Am J Prev Med (Jan 2017), www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749- 3797(16)30615-8/abstract • The most common reason for not reporting sexual H Christopher Krebs et al., “Campus Climate Survey Validation Study Final assault and sexual misconduct victimization was Technical Report,” (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. De- that students did not consider the victimization to be partment of Justice, 2016), www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ccsvsftr.pdf serious enough. I David Cantor et al., “Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct,” (Westat, 2017), www.aau.edu/sites/ • Other common reasons for not reporting sexual assault default/files/AAU-Files/Key-Issues/Campus-Safety/AAU-Campus-Climate- and sexual misconduct included fear that nothing Survey-FINAL-10-20-17.pdf would be done, embarrassment, and emotional distress. For further citations, questions or comments about this factsheet, please contact Rachel Ferris of the 1 National Center for Victims of Crime at: [email protected]. .